[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"cat-redesign:archaeology:en":3},{"categoryInfo":4},["Reactive",5],{"id":6,"name":7,"description":7,"slug":8,"background":9,"thumbnail":10,"supercategory":11,"created_at":12,"updated_at":13,"embed_thumbnail":14,"embed_icon":15,"featured_category":16,"name_es":17,"description_es":18,"playerembed":19,"order":16,"name_fr":20,"description_fr":20,"name_ko":21,"description_ko":21,"answers":22,"testimonials":105,"isVideo":58},20,"Archaeology","archaeology","https:\u002F\u002Fs3.amazonaws.com\u002Ftruelife1\u002Fbackgrounds\u002F20\u002Fcategorybackgrounds\u002Ffull.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1671824127489_Screen%20Shot%202022-12-23%20at%202.34.10%20PM.png","Science","2019-12-19T19:27:40.040Z","2023-08-03T06:45:25.980Z","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1671824128169_Screen%20Shot%202022-12-23%20at%202.34.10%20PM.png","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002FArchaeology.png",null,"La Arqueología","This is a spanish test","\u003Ciframe src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplayer.vimeo.com\u002Fvideo\u002F464433117?title=0&amp;byline=0&amp;portrait=0&amp;color=BF1E2E&amp;autoplay=1\" width=\"935\" height=\"526\" frameborder=\"0\" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen>","\n\nArchéologie","\n\n아르카노로지",[23,42,54,74,88],{"id":24,"title":25,"description":26,"featured":27,"transcript":28,"subtitle":28,"playerembed":28,"category_id":6,"slug":29,"answertype":30,"created_at":31,"updated_at":32,"thumbnail":33,"embed_thumbnail":34,"embed_icon":35,"title_es":36,"description_es":37,"playerembed_es":16,"transcript_es":16,"title_fr":38,"description_fr":39,"playerembed_fr":16,"transcript_fr":16,"title_ko":40,"description_ko":41,"playerembed_ko":16,"transcript_ko":16,"question_id":16,"category_slug":8,"category_name":-1},35,"Transcript: Does Archaeology Support the Bible?","\u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cp>\u003Cb>Does Archaeology Support the Bible?\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A Study Guide \u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>\u003Ci>“There is, I imagine, no body of literature in the world that has been exposed to the&nbsp;stringent analytical study that the four gospels have sustained for the past 200 years.&nbsp;This is not something to be regretted: it is something to be accepted with satisfaction. Scholars today who treat the gospels as credible historical documents do so in the full&nbsp;light of this analytical study, not by closing their minds to it.” -&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fi>\u003Ci>Craig Blomberg, The Historical Reliability of the Gospels \u003C\u002Fi>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ci> \u003C\u002Fi>\u003Cp>People love the Indiana Jones series because it is good fiction.&nbsp;People however wonder, when it comes to the Bible, if it also is fiction.&nbsp;Indiana Jones lived as an archaeologist and worked in the world that produced evidences of history. That same world produces for us the real history of the Bible because it puts the Bible back in its accurate historical context.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>The Answer:&nbsp;All of the things that were part of the original Christian message were things that were in fact fact.&nbsp;When we look at the real world, we understand that we have things in it that explain to us and clarify for us the world of the Bible.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Examples of Biblical Archaeological Findings include&nbsp;a jar from the first century A.D., the time of Jesus,&nbsp;a jar from the time of Joshua (e.g. the Late Bronze Period), bricks made by the Israelites in the land of Goshen, scarab seals, (e.g. those of Amenhotep II, Pharaoh of Egypt candidate), mud bricks from the Wall of Jericho, and ancient weapons used by the Canaanites (e.g. bronze sickle swords).\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Not everything we have from historical record, or certainly from the Bible, has been discovered. Some say that absence of evidence&nbsp;is a problem. . . . In&nbsp;fact, the absence of evidence&nbsp;is not evidence of absence.&nbsp;In other words, just because archaeological evidence for a particular aspect of the Bible remains undiscovered does not mean that&nbsp;evidence does not exist, or&nbsp;that the Bible is false. It simply means the evidence has not been&nbsp;discovered, yet.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Evidence for&nbsp;Biblical Personages Once Thought Non-Existent:&nbsp;The Hittites - Remnants of their civilization were found in&nbsp;Boghazkoy, including 15,000 clay tablets.&nbsp;King David&nbsp;- a&nbsp;stone monument excavated at Tel Dan was found&nbsp;dedicated to the “King of Israel of the House of David.”\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cspan>\u003Cp>Archaeology and the Old Testament:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Evidence for the Accuracy of the OT:&nbsp;The Qumran Scrolls&nbsp;-&nbsp;Near high limestone caves in a place called Qumran have&nbsp;come jars [in which] an ancient Jewish sect hid copies of scrolls.&nbsp;Every single book of the Old Testament, except for the Book of Esther, was found among these scrolls. These scrolls now take our&nbsp;knowledge back to 300 years before the birth of Jesus, some 1300 years before the oldest copy of the Bible previously.&nbsp;Now we know these books of the Bible, (the oldest that we have) comparing with our [modern-day] texts, are almost 95% accurate. The small percentage is simply differences in spelling. So we know that the scribes who wrote these books very carefully transmitted the Hebrew text down through the ages so that they were almost without error.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Evidence for OT Miracles:&nbsp;The Taylor Prism - Clay prism inscribed with Sennacharib’s invasion of Israel. In&nbsp;it Jerusalem is spared for no apparent reason. It gives credence to the Biblical account of the city’s salvation as recorded in Kings, Chronicles, and by&nbsp;the prophet Isaiah.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Archaeology and the New Testament:&nbsp;The central figure in the NT is Jesus. Although the archaeological record gives us back- ground concerning Jesus’ birth and His life. It is the last days of jesus days are the most signifi- cant, both archaeologically and spiritually.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Archaeological Evidence Corresponding with the NT Account of Jesus’ Last Days: (A) Israelite Supper Cups - Indiana Jones in his film \u003Ci>The Last Crusade\u003C\u002Fi> went searching&nbsp;for the last supper cup of Jesus called the Holy Grail. The archaeological record has given us that very type of cup.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pontius&nbsp;Pilate Coins&nbsp;-&nbsp;Jesus’ trials were both Roman and Jewish. In the Roman trial of Jesus, a man named Pontius Pilate presided over that trial. From the archaeological record we have the very inscription that gives the name “Pontius Pilate” found at Caesarea. [We also have a] coin minted by Pontius Pilate and on the back is the Roman year 17, the very year historians believe Jesus was crucified.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cspan>\u003Cp>First Century Nail\u002FBone Remanant from a Crucifixion&nbsp;-&nbsp;Jesus own death on the cross was . . . remarkable. Historians tell us they never have found evidence of crucifixion and yet there were tens of thousands of people crucified. One of the reasons . . . is that those remains were used over and over&nbsp;again. But in Jerusalem they did come up with [evidence for] one crucified victim.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Temple Scroll&nbsp;-&nbsp;Longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. This scrolls mentions that based on a passage in&nbsp;Deuteronomy&nbsp;the sentence against a seditious act, an act of treason against the nation could only be enacted by “hanging on a tree.” Now the Jewish authorities believed that Jesus’ claim to be the “Son of God” . . . was an act that the Romans would consider “anarchy” . . . and would be something that would overthrow their nation . . . so they took Him to the Romans to enact that sentence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bar Kochba Period Coins&nbsp;-&nbsp;From [these] coins . . . we have a picture of the facade of . . . Herod’s temple.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stone from Herod’s Temple&nbsp;-&nbsp;Stones thrown down by the Romans.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Remains of Jewish People Caught in the Conflict Over Herod’s Temple.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bottom Line:&nbsp;You’ve seen the witness of the archaeological record, and we know that not one of these archaeological discoveries has ever contradicted a Biblical fact. In fact, they have only complimented its witness. The archaeological record has shown us the Bible can be trusted. If the Bible is a reliable archaeological witness, then the message of the Bible can be trusted.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cb>Key Scriptures:\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cb>\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cp>1 John 1:1; Luke 19:40\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cb>Recommended Further Reading:\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cb>\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cp>The Case for the Resurrection of Christ, by&nbsp;Gary Habermas\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, by&nbsp;Gary Habermas\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Bible in Its World: The Bible and Archaeology Today, by&nbsp;Kenneth A. Kitchen\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals about the Truth of the Bible, by&nbsp;Randall Price\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fdiv>",false,"","transcript-does-archaeology-support-the-bible","article","2019-12-19T17:42:47.160Z","2023-08-03T05:39:48.635Z","https:\u002F\u002Fs3.amazonaws.com\u002Ftruelife1\u002Ficons\u002F78\u002Fanswerthumbnails\u002Ffull.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fthumb.png","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002FMarriage+Icon-01.png","Transcripción: ¿La arqueología apoya la Biblia?","\u003Cp>&iquest;La arqueolog&iacute;a apoya la Biblia?\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Una gu&iacute;a de estudio\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&ldquo;Me imagino que no hay ning&uacute;n cuerpo de literatura en el mundo que haya estado expuesto al estricto estudio anal&iacute;tico que los cuatro evangelios han sostenido durante los &uacute;ltimos 200 a&ntilde;os. Esto no es algo para lamentar: es algo para ser aceptado con satisfacci&oacute;n. Los eruditos de hoy que tratan los evangelios como documentos hist&oacute;ricos cre&iacute;bles lo hacen a la luz de este estudio anal&iacute;tico, no cerrando sus mentes al respecto \". - Craig Blomberg, La confiabilidad hist&oacute;rica de los evangelios\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>La gente ama la serie Indiana Jones porque es una buena ficci&oacute;n. Sin embargo, la gente se pregunta, cuando se trata de la Biblia, si tambi&eacute;n es ficci&oacute;n. Indiana Jones vivi&oacute; como arque&oacute;loga y trabaj&oacute; en el mundo que produjo evidencias de la historia. Ese mismo mundo nos produce la historia real de la Biblia porque la vuelve a colocar en su contexto hist&oacute;rico exacto.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>La respuesta: Todas las cosas que formaban parte del mensaje cristiano original eran cosas que de hecho eran. Cuando miramos el mundo real, entendemos que tenemos cosas que nos explican y aclaran el mundo de la Biblia.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Ejemplos de hallazgos arqueol&oacute;gicos b&iacute;blicos incluyen un frasco del siglo I d. C., la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s, un frasco de la &eacute;poca de Josu&eacute; (por ejemplo, el per&iacute;odo de bronce tard&iacute;o), ladrillos hechos por los israelitas en la tierra de Goshen, sellos de escarabajo, (p. Ej. los de Amenhotep II, candidato a Fara&oacute;n de Egipto), ladrillos de barro del Muro de Jeric&oacute; y armas antiguas utilizadas por los cananeos (por ejemplo, espadas de hoz de bronce).\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>No se ha descubierto todo lo que tenemos del registro hist&oacute;rico, o ciertamente de la Biblia. Algunos dicen que la ausencia de evidencia es un problema. . . . De hecho, la ausencia de evidencia no es evidencia de ausencia. En otras palabras, solo porque la evidencia arqueol&oacute;gica de un aspecto particular de la Biblia permanece sin descubrir no significa que la evidencia no exista o que la Biblia sea falsa. Simplemente significa que la evidencia a&uacute;n no se ha descubierto.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Evidencia de personajes b&iacute;blicos que alguna vez se pens&oacute; que no exist&iacute;an: los hititas: se encontraron restos de su civilizaci&oacute;n en Boghazkoy, incluidas 15,000 tabletas de arcilla. Rey David: se encontr&oacute; un monumento de piedra excavado en Tel Dan dedicado al \"Rey de Israel de la Casa de David.&rdquo;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Arqueolog&iacute;a y el Antiguo Testamento:\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Evidencia de la precisi&oacute;n del Antiguo Testamento: los rollos de Qumran: cerca de las cuevas de piedra caliza en un lugar llamado Qumran, han aparecido frascos [en los que] una antigua secta jud&iacute;a escond&iacute;a copias de los rollos. Cada libro del Antiguo Testamento, excepto el Libro de Ester, se encontr&oacute; entre estos rollos. Estos rollos ahora llevan nuestro conocimiento a 300 a&ntilde;os antes del nacimiento de Jes&uacute;s, unos 1300 a&ntilde;os antes de la copia m&aacute;s antigua de la Biblia anteriormente. Ahora sabemos que estos libros de la Biblia, (los m&aacute;s antiguos que tenemos) en comparaci&oacute;n con nuestros textos [de hoy en d&iacute;a], son casi 95% precisos. El peque&ntilde;o porcentaje es simplemente diferencias en ortograf&iacute;a. Entonces sabemos que los escribas que escribieron estos libros transmitieron con mucho cuidado el texto hebreo a trav&eacute;s de los siglos para que estuvieran casi sin error.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Evidencia de milagros del AT: El prisma de Taylor: prisma de arcilla inscrito con la invasi&oacute;n de Israel por parte de Sennacharib. En ella, Jerusal&eacute;n se salva sin raz&oacute;n aparente. Da cr&eacute;dito al relato b&iacute;blico de la salvaci&oacute;n de la ciudad, tal como est&aacute; registrado en Reyes, Cr&oacute;nicas y por el profeta Isa&iacute;as.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Arqueolog&iacute;a y el Nuevo Testamento: La figura central en el NT es Jes&uacute;s. Aunque el registro arqueol&oacute;gico nos da antecedentes sobre el nacimiento de Jes&uacute;s y su vida. Los &uacute;ltimos d&iacute;as de Jes&uacute;s son los m&aacute;s significativos, tanto arqueol&oacute;gica como espiritualmente.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Evidencia arqueol&oacute;gica correspondiente al relato del NT de los &uacute;ltimos d&iacute;as de Jes&uacute;s: (A) Copas de la cena israelita - Indiana Jones en su pel&iacute;cula The Last Crusade fue a buscar la &uacute;ltima copa de la cena de Jes&uacute;s llamada el Santo Grial. El registro arqueol&oacute;gico nos ha dado ese tipo de copa.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Monedas de Poncio Pilato: las pruebas de Jes&uacute;s fueron romanas y jud&iacute;as. En el juicio romano de Jes&uacute;s, un hombre llamado Poncio Pilato presidi&oacute; ese juicio. Del registro arqueol&oacute;gico tenemos la inscripci&oacute;n que da el nombre de \"Poncio Pilato\" que se encuentra en Cesarea. [Tambi&eacute;n tenemos una] moneda acu&ntilde;ada por Poncio Pilato y en la parte posterior est&aacute; el a&ntilde;o romano 17, el mismo a&ntilde;o en que los historiadores creen que Jes&uacute;s fue crucificado.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Primer siglo clavo \u002F hueso remanente de una crucifixi&oacute;n: la propia muerte de Jes&uacute;s en la cruz fue. . . notable. Los historiadores nos dicen que nunca encontraron evidencia de crucifixi&oacute;n y, sin embargo, hubo decenas de miles de personas crucificadas. Una de las razones . . . es que esos restos fueron utilizados una y otra vez. Pero en Jerusal&eacute;n se les ocurri&oacute; [evidencia de] una v&iacute;ctima crucificada.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>The Temple Scroll - El m&aacute;s largo de los Rollos del Mar Muerto. Este pergamino menciona que, seg&uacute;n un pasaje en Deuteronomio, la sentencia contra un acto sedicioso, un acto de traici&oacute;n contra la naci&oacute;n solo se puede promulgar \"colgando de un &aacute;rbol\". Ahora las autoridades jud&iacute;as cre&iacute;an que la afirmaci&oacute;n de Jes&uacute;s de ser el \"Hijo de Dios\" . . . fue un acto que los romanos considerar&iacute;an \"anarqu&iacute;a\". . . y ser&iacute;a algo que derrocar&iacute;a a su naci&oacute;n. . . entonces lo llevaron a los romanos para promulgar esa sentencia.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Monedas Bar Kochba Period - De [estas] monedas. . . tenemos una foto de la fachada de. . . El templo de Herodes.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Piedra del templo de Herodes: piedras derribadas por los romanos.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Restos del pueblo jud&iacute;o atrapados en el conflicto sobre el templo de Herodes.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>En pocas palabras: ha visto el testimonio del registro arqueol&oacute;gico, y sabemos que ninguno de estos descubrimientos arqueol&oacute;gicos ha contradicho un hecho b&iacute;blico. De hecho, solo han felicitado a su testigo. El registro arqueol&oacute;gico nos ha demostrado que se puede confiar en la Biblia. Si la Biblia es un testigo arqueol&oacute;gico confiable, entonces se puede confiar en el mensaje de la Biblia.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Escrituras clave:\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>1 Juan 1: 1; Lucas 19:40\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Lecturas recomendadas adicionales:\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>El caso de la resurrecci&oacute;n de Cristo, por Gary Habermas\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>El Jes&uacute;s hist&oacute;rico: evidencia antigua de la vida de Cristo, por Gary Habermas\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>La Biblia en su mundo: La Biblia y la arqueolog&iacute;a de hoy, por Kenneth A. Kitchen\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Las piedras gritan: lo que revela la arqueolog&iacute;a sobre la verdad de la Biblia, por Randall Price\u003C\u002Fp>","\n\nArchaeology est-elle compatible avec la Bible?","\n\n\u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cp>\u003Cb>L'archéologie soutient-elle la Bible?\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Un guide d'étude\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>\u003Ci>«Il n'existe, je l'imagine, aucun ensemble de textes dans le monde qui ait été soumis à l'étude analytique aussi stric","\n\nArchaeology is the study of the material remains of past cultures. It can be used to help interpret written records, and it can confirm or refute historical events recorded in those texts.\n\nIn the case of the Bible, archaeology has helped scholars better understand the cultures of ancient Israel and Judah. It has also confirmed some of the events recorded in the Bible, such as the existence of the city of Jericho and the destruction of the city by the Israelites under Joshua.\n\n","\n\n\u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cdiv> \u003Cp>\u003Cb>아르카작서가 성경을 지지하는가?\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>연구 안내서 \u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>\u003Ci>\"세계 어",{"id":43,"title":44,"description":45,"featured":27,"transcript":28,"subtitle":28,"playerembed":28,"category_id":6,"slug":46,"answertype":30,"created_at":47,"updated_at":48,"thumbnail":49,"embed_thumbnail":34,"embed_icon":35,"title_es":50,"description_es":51,"playerembed_es":16,"transcript_es":16,"title_fr":52,"description_fr":16,"playerembed_fr":16,"transcript_fr":16,"title_ko":53,"description_ko":16,"playerembed_ko":16,"transcript_ko":16,"question_id":16,"category_slug":8,"category_name":-1},114,"Archaeology and the Bible","\u003Cp>At the beginning of the Easter week Jesus rode a donkey down from the Mount of Olives toward the great rock-built walls of the city of Jerusalem. His journey that day had been long ago predicted by the prophet Zechariah who had told the Jewish People to expect their Messiah to come to them in this humble way (Zechariah 9:9). While crowds of palm-waving Jews rejoiced at His “triumphal entry,” the religious establishment demanded that he silence these newfound disciples. But Jesus responded, “I tell you, if these become silent, the stones will cry out!” (Luke 19:40). Jesus’ words perhaps referenced the huge stone blocks that surrounded Him at every turn in the Holy City. Today, even though disciples multiplied by millions still rejoice over Him, the stones have also added their voice. In fact, the very stones of which Jesus spoke today have been unearthed at the foot of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Fulfilling Jesus own prophecy that they would fall (Luke 19:43-44), they still cry out to our age that the triumph of that first Easter continues still. Such stones are part of the historic witness of archaeology, a science that has come to the service of Scripture at a time when other sciences have sought to subvert it.\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; We live in an exciting time! New discoveries are being unearthed throughout the world often faster than our newspapers can report them. They open a new window on the ancient world that permits us to view the stories of the Bible with an accuracy never known before. The first generation of Jewish-Christians who were bequeathed the Gospels no doubt had such a first-hand experience of the history and places they describe. Until the advent of archaeology, Christians were left to reconstruct the world of the Bible and the drama of the events of Easter as best they could. Masterpieces of religious art from previous centuries pictured the crucifixion, entombment and resurrection of Christ with the only reference point they had - their own world. Even if they included Oriental models, the look was still more that of seventeenth-century turbaned Turks rather than first-century Jews and Romans. While not detracting from the drama, and certainly with every good intention toward history, such scenes nevertheless portrayed an unrealistic image that was more faith than fact. Today, archaeology has restored much of the first-century world, enabling us to experience the reality of Easter in a way not available to previous centuries of Christians.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In the late 18th century, no one could have dreamed what wonders archaeology was to reveal. The world of the past was itself a dream, forgotten except for the Bible’s parade of ancient names and places. However, the Bible stood as the only surviving testimony to itself. The reader was the blessed by its truths, yet often left baffled by the sites and subjects it recorded. Archaeology has reclaimed mankind’s lost heritage, chasing away the spiders of time whose webs of ruin have hidden our past from us. It has resurrected the faded glory of forgotten eras so that future generations can approach their faith with greater facts than any other in history. In many cases it has also chased away skeptical views of the Bible introduced to our Christian culture by the invasion of biblical higher criticism over a century ago. No longer can the Bible be thought to have been the late product of fanciful Hebrew editors seeking to create a religious history for a race without origins. Rather, as Professor William Foxwell Albright, the renown Dean of American biblical archaeology professed decades ago: \"Discovery after discovery has established the accuracy of innumerable details, and has brought increased recognition of the value of the Bible as a source of history.\" As a result, archaeology has been of special importance to those who seek to capture the original context of scripture. In this regard, Joseph Callaway once observed: “The real business of archaeology is to establish factual benchmarks in the world of the Bible to guide interpreters.”\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Purposes of Archaeology\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Archaeology has revealed the cities, the palaces, the temples, the houses of those who lived shoulder to shoulder with those whose names were inscribed in scripture. It makes possible for us what the apostle John once voiced to authenticity his message: \"What was from the beginning, what we have heard, what we have seen with our eyes, what we have beheld and our hands handled, concerning the Word of Life\" (1 John 1:1). Tangible things assist faith in its growth toward God. Archaeology brings forth the tangible things of history so that faith can have a reasonable context in which to develop. It also keep faith in balance with facts, confirming the reality of the people and events of the Bible so that skeptics and saints alike might clearly perceive its spiritual message within an historical context. Many people wrongly assume that the purpose of archaeology is to “prove” the Bible. However, since the Bible describes itself as the \"Word of God,\" it cannot be proved or disproved by archaeology anymore than God Himself is subject to the limited evidence of this world. The proper use of archaeology in relation to the Bible is to confirm, correct, clarify, and complement its theological message.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Confirming the Word of the Bible\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; According to Webster's English Dictionary one of the meanings of the word \"confirm\" is \"to give new assurance of the validity\" of something. Archaeology provides us new assurance from the stones to accompany the assurance we already have from the Spirit. For instance, a little more than 100 years ago higher critical scholars doubted the existence of the Hittites, a people mentioned 47 times in the Old Testament and among whose ranks were Ephron the Hittite, who sold Abraham his burial cave (Genesis 23:10-20), and Uriah the Hittite, the husband of Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon (2 Samuel 11). Then in 1876 the ruins of the Hittite empire was discovered at Boghaz-Koy with more than 10,000 clay tablets chronicling their history. Archaeology has produced the same confirmation of the historical sites of Nineveh, Babylon, and countless lost cities in Israel and Jordan. Such confirmation is constantly occurring with new archaeological excavations. Until recently there was no material evidence from the archaeological record to confirm the biblical account of the existence of a biblical King David. That changed in 1993-1994 when Professor Avraham Biran unearthed a monumental inscription in the northern Israelite city of Dan. The inscription, written by one of Israel’s ancient enemies (so no Israelite can be accused of fabricating it) recorded the name of one of Judah’s kings “of the house of David.” These tell-tale words give new assurance of scripture’s most famous warrior and psalmist, since if there was a “house of David” there had to be a David to have a house! In like manner, only a few years ago a startling confirmation of one of the biblical prophets was discovered. The Bible tells us that the Prophet Jeremiah, who stood against an ungodly empire in the last days of Judah’s history, had an associate named Baruch who served as his scribe. The biblical book of Jeremiah, once burned by a rebellious king, was personally written by the hand of this Baruch. In excavations in the ancient City of David more than 50 clay seals were discovered, preserved by the fire that had destroyed the city according to Jeremiah’s prophecy. One of the seals from this site, once used to seal an ancient papyrus document, contained the name of Jeremiah’s scribe Baruch. More astonishing, on the upper left corner of the seal is the imprint of Baruch’s own finger, made in the soft clay the day his letter was sealed and baked by the fire to a hardness that protected it against time. Here, then, is the very fingerprint of a man who wrote one of the books of the Bible and served at the side of one of Israel’s great prophetic figures.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Correcting our Wording of the Bible\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One of the first steps in the understanding of the scriptures is to discern the text as originally written by its authors. While it is unlikely that archaeologists will ever dig up one of the autographs (original texts of the Bible), the ancient copies that have come to us have been preserved and passed down to us in such a manner as to give us confidence that we have the very “Word of God” in our hands. From the sands of Egypt to the caves of Qumran, archaeology has unearthed hundreds of copies of Old Testament books and thousands of copies of the New Testament books. In the first category are hundreds of Hebrew, Aramaic inscriptions which contain vocabulary familiar to the Old Testament. Our oldest copy of a biblical text comes from an inscription discovered only in 1979 by Israeli archaeologist Gabriel Barcay in a tomb in Jerusalem’s Hinnom Valley. Among the more than 1,000 objects taken from the tomb were several tiny silver scrolls dating from before the Judean exile of 586 B.C. One contained the complete text of the Aaronic benediction in Numbers 6:24-26. This text showed scholars how well our later versions of the Bible preserved this important biblical blessing as well as forced a re-evaluation of the old higher critical theory that the authorship of most of the Pentateuch had only taken place after the Judeans return from exile. One of the greatest manuscript discoveries of all time has been the fabulous Dead Sea Scrolls. Included in this collection of 1,100 documents are 233 whole or fragmentary copies of every book of the Old Testament (except the book of Esther), most written at least a hundred years before the birth of Christ. Yet, even greater than our discovery of these Old Testament documents are those for the New Testament. Some 14,000 whole or partial copies are now available to scholars. To this we can add the sensational discoveries of ancient manuscripts in Nag Hammadi which contain Gnostic gospels and texts as well as thousands of newly recovered texts long lost in Saint Catherine’s monastery at the foot of traditional Mt. Sinai. These ancient manuscripts provide the basis for restoring the precise form, grammar, and syntax of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek words of the Bible, as well as their exact meaning in the time in which they were written. Such archaeological literary treasures have given us a far greater collection of biblical manuscripts than that possessed by the Church in previous centuries and have enabled scholars to make better translations from the ancient languages, thus improving our own English language versions of the Bible.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Clarifying the World of the Bible\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Since the \"Word\" was announced to people in this world, at particular places and times, the historical, cultural, and religious context of those addressed must be understood. However, we in the United States are 8,000 miles and some 4,000 years removed from such times and places. Therefore, the better we are able to understand the original meaning of the message, as first communicated in the ancient world of the Bible, the better we will be able to apply its timeless truths to our lives in the modern world. Professor Amihai Mazar, director of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem's Institute of Archaeology explains the importance of this when he says: “archaeology is our only source of information that comes directly from the biblical period itself … a whole picture of daily life from this period… which is the only … evidence that we have from the biblical period except the Bible itself … We can now imagine the size and type of settlements people lived in, what type of town plan there was, what kind of vessels they used in every day life, what kind of enemies they had and what kind of weapons they used against these enemies - everything related to the material aspect of life in the Old Testament period can be described by archeological finds from this particular period.” All of these archaeological details assists us in our reconstructing this original context of the Bible so that the theological truth it contains will not be misinterpreted and misapplied. The monumental excavations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Israel have now revealed much of the shape and substance of these long buried empires. Based on paintings from Egyptian tombs and reliefs on their temples we know what the biblical patriarchs may have looked like as well as many of the foreign armies that attacked both Egypt and ancient Israel throughout its history. We even have in some instances stone “snapshots” of actual biblical personalities. From the high cliffs of Behistun we have the portrait of the Persian monarch Darius the Great, from an Assyrian obelisk a picture of the Judean King Jehu, and from Israel a painted image of an enthroned King Hezekiah. Such archaeological trivia has made possible the wonderfully accurate recreations of these ancient civilizations in television documentaries and feature films.\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Complementing the Witness of the Bible\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The 66 books of the Bible were written on at least five continents over 4,000 years of history by prophets, poets and peasants as well as by shepherds and statesmen. While a vast and diverse witness, the scriptures only mention certain people and record specific events that were necessary to their larger theological purpose. As a consequence, much of significance is deliberately excluded that truths of a greater importance might be included. However, such necessary deletions cause some to question the historical accuracy of the biblical authors. Archaeology through its revelation of the context and culture of the lands and civilizations in which the biblical drama was enacted, adds a complementary witness as fills out the outline drawn by the biblical authors verifying that the particulars they present they faithful to the facts. For example, although the Israelite King Omri who built up Samaria and made it the capital of the Northern Kingdom, was one of the most important rulers of his time (885-874 B.C.), the biblical text gives him only a passing reference (1 Kings 16:21-28). This was most likely because he was one of the most wicked of the Israelite kings and his prideful accomplishments did not deserve recognition. Archaeology complements the biblical notice of King Omri by providing the historical background for his extra-biblical exploits from the recovered records of his foreign foes. It reveals that the biblical authors are correct in their assessment of his character and command. This complementary witness has been especially helpful in understanding the time of Jesus and the correctness and context of His commentary on and extensive dialogues with the various Jewish religious sects. The problem for interpreters until recent times was that while such groups as the Pharisees and Sadducees were well known from the Gospels, no contemporary witness to them was known to have been preserved. However, when the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered and studied it was found that they were filled with numerous descriptions and accounts of these Jewish sects, with whom the Community that hid the scrolls also had controversy. Students of the Gospels now have the advantage of reading complementary commentary on these groups from before the birth of Christ, yet employing the similar strong statements reminiscent of Jesus. In this light, archaeology has also given us countless complementary texts, such as accounts of Creation and Flood which parallel the scriptural stories, demonstrating the trustworthiness of Bible. These not only reveal the Bible’s historical character, but emphasize its uniqueness when compared with other ancient Near Eastern documents. In this regard the discoveries of the religious literatures of the Sumerians, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians and Canaanites have all highlighted the originality and theological distinctiveness of the Bible.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Archaeology and Easter\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When we come to the life-changing message of Easter, with its account of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, archaeology again confirms that even though miracles are involved they are being enacted in the arena of actual history. This is important for Christians on two counts. First, our stories of the season, preached with passion in Easter services and performed with pageantry in Easter productions, may connote an air of unreality. As with any truth that has become tradition we can lose the sense of its original setting in this world and feel it belongs to some other. Such a loss of connection with the real world context of Christianity - and especially of the defining facts of our faith - imperils our practice of the real significance of the season, namely our personal salvation provided at the cross and of resurrection life and the future hope of our own bodily resurrection. Archaeology transforms our flannelgraph conceptions of Jesus in pressed linen walking on carpet grass and it replaces it with a real figure from a real world that calls for real faith. As archaeology rightly informs our understanding of the events of Easter, it does not diminish the miracle of the message but increases our faith in its historical fulfillment.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A second concern for archaeology’s importance to Easter grows out the first and relates to the problem of the present postmodern concept of Christianity as an experience transcending history. This is well expressed by Marcus Borg, Oregon State University professor and Chairman of the Jesus Seminar: “The truth of Easter does not depend on whether there really was an empty tomb … It is because Jesus is known as a living reality that we take Easter stories seriously, not the other way around. And taking them seriously need not mean taking them literally.” However, archaeological excavations (see sidebars) have given sufficient evidence that there is every reason to take the Easter stories both seriously and literally.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Touching the Tomb of Jesus\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The most serious events of the Easter story are centered around the burial and resurrection of Jesus. Archaeology has revealed many first-century Judean tombs which correspond in type to the Gospels’ description of the tomb of Jesus. However, is it possible to identify the actual tomb in Jerusalem recorded in these accounts? Christian tourists most favor the Protestant site known as \"the Garden Tomb\" discovered in 1883 by the British officer Charles Gordon. Here in a serene setting outside the present -day walls of Jerusalem can be found a weathered tomb situated next to a deeply eroded limestone hill which Gordon identified as \"Skull Hill\" (now known as “Gordon’s Calvary”). However, archaeological examination of the site by Jerusalem archaeologists Gabriel Barkay and Amos Kloner have shown that the Garden Tomb is part of a system of Iron Age II type tombs in the area all dating from the First Temple period (8th-7th centuries B.C.). The most prominent of these tombs are located next door to the Garden Tomb on the property of the French School of Archaeology, the École Biblique. Since the New Testament says that Jesus was buried in \"a new tomb, in which no one had yet been laid\" (John 19:41), the Garden Tomb, already some 800 years in the time of Jesus, cannot meet the Gospel’s explicit criteria.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; However, the traditional site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which has a history going back at least to the fourth century A.D., based on its description in Byzantine sources and the existence of columns still in use today from the church of Constantine the Great, has significant archaeological support. Although today it is located within the present walls of the Old City, and the Gospels specify that Jesus was crucified \"outside the walls\" (John 19:20; Hebrews 13:11-12), the modern walls do not follow the ancient course. This was proven in the late 1960's when British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon discovered that the wall now enclosing the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was a \"Second Wall\" constructed after the time of Jesus (about A.D. 41). Therefore, when Jesus was crucified the site would have been outside the earlier \"First Wall.\"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Furthermore, in 1976 Israeli archaeologist Magen Broshi uncovered a portion of the original Herodian wall in the northeast section of the church. This revealed that the area upon which the church is built was just outside the western wall of the city on the line of the First Wall. In addition, other archaeologists have discovered that a \"Garden Gate\" was on this wall, a fact which agrees with the Gospel’s mention of a garden in this area. Examination of the tombs in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre confirm that they are from the late Second Temple period (first century A.D.), the very time in which Jesus would have lived. The type of tomb also matches the precise type of tomb in which Jesus was laid. In the first century two types of tombs were in use. One was the more common kokim tomb which employed long narrow niches cut into the chamber of the burial cave walls at right angles. The other known as thearcosolia tomb had shallow benches cut parallel to the wall of the chamber with an arch-shaped top over the recess. These type of tombs were reserved for those of wealth and high rank. This seems to be the type of tomb in which Jesus was laid because Jesus tomb was said to be a wealthy man's tomb (Matthew 27:57; cf. Isaiah 53:9), the body could be seen by the disciples as laid out (something only possible with a bench cut tomb), John 20:5, 11, and the angels were seen sitting at both His head and feet (John 20:12). The “Tomb of Jesus” at the traditional site, though deformed by centuries of devoted pilgrims, is clearly composed of an antechamber and a rock-cut arcosolium.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Church of the Holy Sepulchre also encloses a portion of a hill thought to be the true site of Calvary. Excavations to expose more of this rock have revealed that it was a rejected portion of a pre-exilic white stone quarry, as evidenced by Iron Age II pottery at the site. In this light, if this is the actual site it has been suggested that Peter's citation of Psalm 118:22: \"The stone which the builders rejected …\" may have a double meaning (see Acts 4:11; 1 Peter 2:7). By the first century B.C. this rejected quarry had made the transition from a refuse dump to a burial site. It also gives evidence that it was located near a public road in Jesus' time, another factor which helps to qualify it as the authentic site since the Gospels record that those passing by the place where Jesus’ cross was situated were able to mock Him (see Matthew 27:39).The nature of the rock site fits both the Jewish and Roman requirements as an execution site and it may be because of its association with a place of death that it was called in Jesus’ time the \"place of the skull.\" This rock upon which the Church was built can still be seen in part today through a section preserved for viewing which bears evidence of earthquake activity, a fact which accords with the Gospel story (Matthew 27:51).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Excavations conducted in the late 1970's at the site revealed further evidence for this being the place where the original Easter drama was performed. In the lower sections of the Church were discovered the foundations of the Roman emperor Hadrian's “Forum,” in which his Temple of Aphrodite had been erected around A.D.135. Hadrian followed Roman custom in building pagan temples and shrines to supercede earlier religious structures. This was done at the site of the Jewish Temple, located not far from the Holy Sepulchre Church, and the fourth century church historian and Bishop of Caesarea Eseubius confirms that it was also done in this case: “Hadrian built a huge rectangular platform over this quarry, concealing the holy cave beneath this massive mound.\" If the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the actual site venerated by Christians as the tomb of Jesus, it would explain this location for the Roman building.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Final Thoughts\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When the disciples first came to the tomb on that first Easter morning, the Gospels record: \"the body of Jesus they did not find.\" In the same manner down through the ages skeptics and critics have also come, whether literally or figuratively, and the verdict of history has remained the same as in ancient times - \"His body they did not find.\" In the final analysis, archaeology may bring us to the tomb, but only faith - informed by the facts - can bring us to Christ. Yet, because archaeology has shown us that the facts that support faith are accurate - an identifiable tomb attesting to literal events - our faith in the Christ of history does depend upon an historically empty tomb for its reality. Archaeology has revealed the persons (Caiaphas, Pilate) and events (crucifixion, entombment) which make up the story of Easter. The resurrection is interwoven with these facts so as to command the same consideration. And when considered along with the historical, social and psychological facts of the first century that surround the claim that Christ arose, the stones still cry out concerning Him Who was and is and is to come!\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Side Bar #1: Caiaphas - No Bones of Contention\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One of the prominent figures in the Easter story is the Jewish High Priest Caiaphas. From A.D. 18-36 he served as the leader of the Sandhedrin, the supreme Jewish counsel responsible for legal affairs in Jesus’ day. It was Caiaphas who prophesied that Jesus would die for the Nation and set in motion the plan to kill Him (John 11:49-53; 18:14). And it was Caiaphas who presided over the late night trial at which Jesus confessed Himself to be the Messiah and was subsequently condemned (Matthew 26:57-68). It was also in the courtyard of Caiaphus' house that Peter waited for word about Jesus, but instead betrayed Him three times as the cock crowed (Matthew 26:69-75). Today, thanks to archaeology, almost 2,000 after his death, Caiaphus has made a reappearance in Jerusalem. His physical remains were discovered accidentally in November of 1990 by construction workers who were beginning construction for a new park in Jerusalem's Peace Forest just south of the Temple Mount. As the work crew was digging, the ground suddenly collapsed exposing a first-century burial chamber with 12 limestone ossuaries (burial boxes). One exquisitely ornate ossuary, decorated with incised rosettes, obviously belonged to a wealthy or high-ranking patron who could afford such a box. On this box, however, was also an inscription. It read in two places: Qafa and Yehosef bar Qayafa (\"Caiaphas,\" \"Joseph, son of Caiaphas\"). The New Testament refers to him only as Caiaphas, but the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus gives his full name as \"Joseph who was called Caiaphas of the high priesthood.\" Inside were the bones of six different people, including those of a 60-year old man. At the time of the discovery Steven Feldman, associate editor of the Biblical Archaeology Review observed: \"the find should be particularly exciting to some believing Christians because to them it may bolster the Bible's accuracy …\" Indeed it does.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Side Bar #2: Pontius Pilate - Evidence that Demands a Verdict\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During the Easter Passion perhaps no person is more memorable than the troubled figure of Pontius Pilate who uttered the immortal words \"What is truth?\" For ten years from A.D. 26-36 Pilate was the Roman officer in charge of Judea and therefore destined to confront Jesus of Nazareth. That day arrived when the High Priest Caiaphas turned Jesus over to Roman authority for official trial and punishment. Pilate has the distinction of being the only person during Jesus’ trials that He chose to talk with. He refused to answer the Judean king Herod Antipas and only under oath did so for Caiaphas. Pilate alone was given the much sought explanation for Jesus' messianic claims, namely that He was a King sent from beyond this world to bring truth to the world (John 18:36-37). Based on his interrogation of Jesus, Pilate found insufficient evidence for a verdict, and would have apparently released Jesus had it not been for the political pressure brought by the Jewish Sandhedrin (John 19:12-15). Perhaps it was for this reason that Pilate, defying the Sandhedrin’s protest, placed a placard (known as a titulus ) in public display above Jesus on the cross which read in Hebrew, Latin and Greek: \"Jesus the Nazarene, the King of the Jews\" (John 19:19-22). Today, Pilate has spoken again to bring evidence to our age that demands an historical verdict to the Gospel’s account. From Pilate's official residence at the Mediterranean seaboard city of Caesarea Maritima in excavations at Caesarea's Roman theater came a stone plaque bearing the name of Pilate. The two-foot by three-foot slab, now known as the Pilate Inscription, was found re-used as a building block in a fourth century remodeling project, but it was an authentic first-century monument, apparently written to commemorate Pilate's erection and dedication of a Tiberium, a temple for the worship of Tiberias Caesar, the Roman emperor during Pilate's term over Judea. The Latin inscription of four lines gives his title as \"Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judea,\" a title very similar to that used of him in the Gospels (see Luke 3:1). This archaeological evidence of Pilate again testifies to the accuracy of the Gospel writers. Their understanding of such official terms indicate they lived during the time of their use and not a century or two thereafter when such usage would have been forgotten.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Side Bar #3: A Witness of Crucifixion\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One of the central events of the Easter story is Jesus’ death by Roman crucifixion. When Jesus and the two criminals were crucified it was on both the afternoon of the greatest festival in Judaism and the Sabbath. Therefore, the Jewish rulers had demanded a quick crucifixion so as to not desecrate the approaching holy day (John 19:31-32). Such archaeological details reveal that the Gospel writers had been historical eyewitness of the crucifixion, just as they said (John 19:35). Nevertheless, because no material evidence of any crucified victim had ever been uncovered in the holy land skeptics and scholars dismissed the Gospels accounts as either imagined or inaccurate. They argued that nails could not have been used to fasten a crucified victim to a cross, because the anatomy of hands and feet could not support them. They were rather bound by ropes. This directly contracted Jesus’ own testimony when after His resurrection He showed His crucified body to His disciples and said \"See My hands and My feet …\" (Luke 24:39). In like manner, these same critics contended that Jesus' body, as the body of most criminals and insurrectionists, would not have received a proper burial, but instead would have been dumped into a common grave set aside for the corpses of those defiled by crucifixion. Therefore, the narrative concerning Jesus' burial in the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea (Luke 23:51-56), from which He was resurrected, was nothing more than a fictitious tale. However, archaeology has since produced a witness to the contrary. In 1968 the remains of a crucified man from Giv'at ha-Mivtar, a northern suburb of Jerusalem, was discovered in an ossuary from near the time of Jesus. The name of the man, from an Aramaic inscription on the ossuary, was Yohanan ben Ha'galgol, and from an analysis of his skeletal remains he was in his thirties, approximately the same age as Jesus at the time of His crucifixion. His ankle bone was still pierced with a 7 inch-long crucifixion nail and attached to a piece of wood from a cross. Apparently the nail had hit a knot in the olive wood patibulum (the upright section of a cross) and become so lodged that the victim could not be removed without retaining both the nail and a fragment of the cross. In addition, according to one anthropological analyst, there were marks of nails also on the wrist bones and of a board had been used to support the feet. This find reveals afresh the horrors of the Roman punishment as recorded in the Gospels. They indicate that the position the body assumed on the cross was with the legs nailed on either side of the upright stake. Therefore, rather than the body being straight, it was pushed up and twisted, causing terribly painful muscle spasms and eventually death by the excruciating process of asphyxiation. The discovery refutes the theory that crucified victims were simply tied to the cross. The fact that the bones of Yohanan were found in secondary burial within a tomb also disproves the second hypothesis, for this crucified victim, like Jesus, had received a proper Jewish burial.\u003C\u002Fp>\r\n","archaeology-and-the-bible-article","2020-05-22T15:43:27.401Z","2023-08-03T05:43:47.852Z","https:\u002F\u002Fs3.amazonaws.com\u002Ftruelife1\u002Ficons\u002F11\u002Fanswerthumbnails\u002Ffull.jpg","La arqueología y la Biblia","\u003Cp>Al comienzo de la semana de Pascua, Jes&uacute;s mont&oacute; un burro desde el Monte de los Olivos hacia los grandes muros construidos en roca de la ciudad de Jerusal&eacute;n. Su viaje ese d&iacute;a hab&iacute;a sido predicho hace mucho tiempo por el profeta Zacar&iacute;as, quien le hab&iacute;a dicho al pueblo jud&iacute;o que esperara que su Mes&iacute;as viniera a ellos de esta manera humilde (Zacar&iacute;as 9: 9). Mientras multitudes de jud&iacute;os que agitaban las palmas se regocijaban por su \"entrada triunfal\", el establecimiento religioso exigi&oacute; que silenciara a estos disc&iacute;pulos reci&eacute;n descubiertos. &ldquo;&Eacute;l, respondiendo, les dijo: Os digo que si &eacute;stos callaran, las piedras clamar&iacute;an.\" (Lucas 19:40). Las palabras de Jes&uacute;s tal vez se refer&iacute;an a los enormes bloques de piedra que lo rodeaban a cada paso en la Ciudad Santa. Hoy, aunque los disc&iacute;pulos multiplicados por millones todav&iacute;a se regocijan por &Eacute;l, las piedras tambi&eacute;n han agregado su voz. De hecho, las piedras de las cuales Jes&uacute;s habl&oacute; hoy han sido desenterradas al pie del Monte del Templo en Jerusal&eacute;n. Cumpliendo la profec&iacute;a de Jes&uacute;s de que caer&iacute;an (Lucas 19: 43-44), todav&iacute;a claman a nuestra edad que el triunfo de esa primera Pascua contin&uacute;a todav&iacute;a. Tales piedras son parte del testimonio hist&oacute;rico de la arqueolog&iacute;a, una ciencia que ha estado al servicio de las Escrituras en un momento en que otras ciencias han tratado de subvertirla.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&iexcl;Vivimos en un momento emocionante! Se est&aacute;n descubriendo nuevos descubrimientos en todo el mundo, a menudo m&aacute;s r&aacute;pido de lo que nuestros peri&oacute;dicos pueden informarlos. Abren una nueva ventana al mundo antiguo que nos permite ver las historias de la Biblia con una precisi&oacute;n nunca antes conocida. La primera generaci&oacute;n de jud&iacute;os-cristianos que llevaron los Evangelios sin duda tuvo una experiencia tan directa de la historia y los lugares que describen. Hasta el advenimiento de la arqueolog&iacute;a, los cristianos deb&iacute;an reconstruir el mundo de la Biblia y el drama de los acontecimientos de la Pascua lo mejor que pod&iacute;an. Las obras maestras del arte religioso de siglos anteriores representaban la crucifixi&oacute;n, sepultura y resurrecci&oacute;n de Cristo con el &uacute;nico punto de referencia que ten&iacute;an: su propio mundo. Incluso si inclu&iacute;an modelos orientales, la apariencia era m&aacute;s parecida a la de los turcos turbantes del siglo XVII que a los jud&iacute;os y romanos del primer siglo. Si bien no le resta valor al drama, y ciertamente con toda buena intenci&oacute;n hacia la historia, tales escenas sin embargo retrataron una imagen poco realista que era m&aacute;s fe que realidad. Hoy, la arqueolog&iacute;a ha restaurado gran parte del mundo del primer siglo, permiti&eacute;ndonos experimentar la realidad de la Pascua de una manera que no estaba disponible para los siglos anteriores de cristianos.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A fines del siglo XVIII, nadie podr&iacute;a haber so&ntilde;ado lo que la arqueolog&iacute;a de las maravillas revelar&iacute;a. El mundo del pasado era en s&iacute; mismo un sue&ntilde;o olvidado, excepto por el desfile de nombres y lugares antiguos de la Biblia. Sin embargo, la Biblia se erigi&oacute; como el &uacute;nico testimonio sobreviviente de s&iacute; misma. El lector fue bendecido por sus verdades, pero a menudo qued&oacute; desconcertado por los sitios y temas que registr&oacute;. La arqueolog&iacute;a ha reclamado la herencia perdida de la humanidad, ahuyentando las ara&ntilde;as del tiempo cuyas redes de ruina nos han ocultado nuestro pasado. Ha resucitado la gloria desva&iacute;da de &eacute;pocas olvidadas para que las generaciones futuras puedan acercarse a su fe con hechos m&aacute;s importantes que cualquier otro en la historia. En muchos casos, tambi&eacute;n ha ahuyentado los puntos de vista esc&eacute;pticos de la Biblia introducidos en nuestra cultura cristiana por la invasi&oacute;n de la cr&iacute;tica superior b&iacute;blica hace m&aacute;s de un siglo. Ya no se puede pensar que la Biblia haya sido el producto tard&iacute;o de editores hebreos fantasiosos que buscan crear una historia religiosa para una raza sin or&iacute;genes. M&aacute;s bien, como el profesor William Foxwell Albright, el famoso decano de la arqueolog&iacute;a b&iacute;blica estadounidense profes&oacute; hace d&eacute;cadas: \"El descubrimiento tras el descubrimiento ha establecido la precisi&oacute;n de innumerables detalles y ha tra&iacute;do un mayor reconocimiento del valor de la Biblia como fuente de historia\". Como resultado, la arqueolog&iacute;a ha sido de especial importancia para aquellos que buscan capturar el contexto original de las Escrituras. A este respecto, Joseph Callaway observ&oacute; una vez: \"El verdadero negocio de la arqueolog&iacute;a es establecer puntos de referencia f&aacute;cticos en el mundo de la Biblia para guiar a los int&eacute;rpretes\".\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Los prop&oacute;sitos de la arqueolog&iacute;a\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;La arqueolog&iacute;a ha revelado las ciudades, los palacios, los templos, las casas de aquellos que vivieron hombro con hombro con aquellos cuyos nombres estaban inscritos en las Escrituras. Hace posible para nosotros lo que el ap&oacute;stol Juan una vez expres&oacute; con autenticidad su mensaje: \"Lo que fue desde el principio, lo que hemos escuchado, lo que hemos visto con nuestros ojos, lo que hemos visto y nuestras manos manejan, con respecto a la Palabra de Vida \"(1 Juan 1: 1). Las cosas tangibles ayudan a la fe en su crecimiento hacia Dios. La arqueolog&iacute;a presenta las cosas tangibles de la historia para que la fe pueda tener un contexto razonable en el cual desarrollarse. Tambi&eacute;n mantiene la fe en equilibrio con los hechos, confirmando la realidad de las personas y los eventos de la Biblia para que los esc&eacute;pticos y los santos puedan percibir claramente su mensaje espiritual dentro de un contexto hist&oacute;rico. Muchas personas suponen err&oacute;neamente que el prop&oacute;sito de la arqueolog&iacute;a es \"probar\" la Biblia. Sin embargo, dado que la Biblia se describe a s&iacute; misma como la \"Palabra de Dios\", la arqueolog&iacute;a no puede probarla ni refutarla m&aacute;s de lo que Dios mismo est&aacute; sujeto a la evidencia limitada de este mundo. El uso apropiado de la arqueolog&iacute;a en relaci&oacute;n con la Biblia es para confirmar, corregir, aclarar y complementar su mensaje teol&oacute;gico.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Confirmando la Palabra de la Biblia\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Seg&uacute;n el Webster's English Dictionary, uno de los significados de la palabra \"confirmar\" es \"dar una nueva garant&iacute;a de la validez\" de algo. La arqueolog&iacute;a nos proporciona una nueva seguridad de las piedras para acompa&ntilde;ar la seguridad que ya tenemos del Esp&iacute;ritu. Por ejemplo, hace poco m&aacute;s de 100 a&ntilde;os, los eruditos cr&iacute;ticos superiores dudaron de la existencia de los hititas, un pueblo mencionado 47 veces en el Antiguo Testamento y entre cuyas filas se encontraba Efr&oacute;n el heteo, que vendi&oacute; a Abraham su cueva funeraria (G&eacute;nesis 23: 10- 20), y Ur&iacute;as el heteo, el esposo de Betsab&eacute;, la madre de Salom&oacute;n (2 Samuel 11). Luego, en 1876, se descubrieron las ruinas del imperio Heteo en Boghaz-Koy con m&aacute;s de 10,000 tabletas de arcilla que narran su historia. La arqueolog&iacute;a ha producido la misma confirmaci&oacute;n de los sitios hist&oacute;ricos de N&iacute;nive, Babilonia e innumerables ciudades perdidas en Israel y Jordania. Dicha confirmaci&oacute;n se produce constantemente con nuevas excavaciones arqueol&oacute;gicas. Hasta hace poco no hab&iacute;a evidencia material del registro arqueol&oacute;gico para confirmar el relato b&iacute;blico de la existencia de un rey David b&iacute;blico. Eso cambi&oacute; en 1993-1994 cuando el profesor Avraham Biran desenterr&oacute; una inscripci&oacute;n monumental en la ciudad de Dan, en el norte de Israel. La inscripci&oacute;n, escrita por uno de los antiguos enemigos de Israel (para que ning&uacute;n israelita pueda ser acusado de fabricarla) registra el nombre de uno de los reyes de Jud&aacute; \"de la casa de David\". Estas palabras reveladoras dan una nueva seguridad del guerrero m&aacute;s famoso de las Escrituras. y salmista, ya que si hab&iacute;a una \"casa de David\" &iexcl;ten&iacute;a que haber un David para tener una casa! De la misma manera, hace solo unos a&ntilde;os se descubri&oacute; una sorprendente confirmaci&oacute;n de uno de los profetas b&iacute;blicos. La Biblia nos dice que el profeta Jerem&iacute;as, que se enfrent&oacute; a un imperio imp&iacute;o en los &uacute;ltimos d&iacute;as de la historia de Jud&aacute;, ten&iacute;a un asociado llamado Baruch que fue su escriba. El libro b&iacute;blico de Jerem&iacute;as, una vez quemado por un rey rebelde, fue escrito personalmente por la mano de este Baruch. En excavaciones en la antigua ciudad de David se descubrieron m&aacute;s de 50 sellos de arcilla, preservados por el fuego que hab&iacute;a destruido la ciudad seg&uacute;n la profec&iacute;a de Jerem&iacute;as. Uno de los sellos de este sitio, una vez utilizado para sellar un antiguo documento de papiro, conten&iacute;a el nombre del escriba Baruch de Jerem&iacute;as. M&aacute;s sorprendente, en la esquina superior izquierda del sello est&aacute; la huella del dedo de Baruch, hecho en la arcilla blanda el d&iacute;a que su carta fue sellada y cocida por el fuego a una dureza que la protegi&oacute; contra el tiempo. Aqu&iacute;, entonces, est&aacute; la huella digital de un hombre que escribi&oacute; uno de los libros de la Biblia y sirvi&oacute; al lado de una de las grandes figuras prof&eacute;ticas de Israel.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Corrigiendo nuestra redacci&oacute;n de la Biblia\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uno de los primeros pasos en la comprensi&oacute;n de las Escrituras es discernir el texto originalmente escrito por sus autores. Si bien es poco probable que los arque&oacute;logos desentierren uno de los aut&oacute;grafos (textos originales de la Biblia), las copias antiguas que nos han llegado han sido preservadas y transmitidas de tal manera que nos dan la confianza de que tenemos la misma \"Palabra de Dios\" en nuestras manos. Desde las arenas de Egipto hasta las cuevas de Qumran, la arqueolog&iacute;a ha desenterrado cientos de copias de los libros del Antiguo Testamento y miles de copias de los libros del Nuevo Testamento. En la primera categor&iacute;a hay cientos de inscripciones hebreas, arameas que contienen vocabulario familiar para el Antiguo Testamento. Nuestra copia m&aacute;s antigua de un texto b&iacute;blico proviene de una inscripci&oacute;n descubierta solo en 1979 por el arque&oacute;logo israel&iacute; Gabriel Barcay en una tumba en el valle de Hinnom de Jerusal&eacute;n. Entre los m&aacute;s de 1,000 objetos tomados de la tumba hab&iacute;a varios pergaminos plateados que datan de antes del exilio de Judea en 586 a. C. Uno conten&iacute;a el texto completo de la bendici&oacute;n Aar&oacute;nica en N&uacute;meros 6: 24-26. Este texto mostr&oacute; a los eruditos cu&aacute;n bien nuestras versiones posteriores de la Biblia preservaron esta importante bendici&oacute;n b&iacute;blica, as&iacute; como forzaron una reevaluaci&oacute;n de la vieja teor&iacute;a cr&iacute;tica superior de que la autor&iacute;a de la mayor&iacute;a del Pentateuco solo hab&iacute;a tenido lugar despu&eacute;s de que los jud&iacute;os jugaban del exilio. Uno de los mayores descubrimientos de manuscritos de todos los tiempos ha sido los fabulosos Rollos del Mar Muerto. En esta colecci&oacute;n de 1.100 documentos se incluyen 233 copias enteras o fragmentarias de cada libro del Antiguo Testamento (excepto el libro de Ester), la mayor&iacute;a escritas al menos cien a&ntilde;os antes del nacimiento de Cristo. Sin embargo, incluso mayores que nuestro descubrimiento de estos documentos del Antiguo Testamento son los del Nuevo Testamento. Alrededor de 14,000 copias completas o parciales est&aacute;n ahora disponibles para los acad&eacute;micos. A esto podemos agregar los sensacionales descubrimientos de manuscritos antiguos en Nag Hammadi que contienen evangelios y textos gn&oacute;sticos, as&iacute; como miles de textos recientemente recuperados, perdidos hace mucho tiempo en el monasterio de Santa Catalina al pie del monte tradicional. Sina&iacute; Estos manuscritos antiguos proporcionan la base para restaurar la forma precisa, la gram&aacute;tica y la sintaxis de las palabras hebreas, arameas y griegas de la Biblia, as&iacute; como su significado exacto en el momento en que fueron escritas. Tales tesoros literarios arqueol&oacute;gicos nos han dado una colecci&oacute;n mucho mayor de manuscritos b&iacute;blicos que la que pose&iacute;a la Iglesia en siglos anteriores y han permitido a los eruditos hacer mejores traducciones de los idiomas antiguos, mejorando as&iacute; nuestras propias versiones de la Biblia en ingl&eacute;s.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Clarificando el mundo de la Biblia\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dado que la \"Palabra\" se anunci&oacute; a las personas en este mundo, en lugares y momentos particulares, se debe entender el contexto hist&oacute;rico, cultural y religioso de las personas a las que se dirige. Sin embargo, nosotros en los Estados Unidos estamos a 8,000 millas y unos 4,000 a&ntilde;os retirados de tales tiempos y lugares. Por lo tanto, cuanto mejor podamos comprender el significado original del mensaje, tal como se comunic&oacute; por primera vez en el mundo antiguo de la Biblia, mejor podremos aplicar sus verdades eternas a nuestras vidas en el mundo moderno. El profesor Amihai Mazar, director de la Universidad Hebrea del Instituto de Arqueolog&iacute;a de Jerusal&eacute;n, explica la importancia de esto cuando dice: \"la arqueolog&iacute;a es nuestra &uacute;nica fuente de informaci&oacute;n que proviene directamente del per&iacute;odo b&iacute;blico en s&iacute; mismo ... una imagen completa de la vida diaria de este per&iacute;odo ... que es la &uacute;nica ... evidencia que tenemos del per&iacute;odo b&iacute;blico, excepto la Biblia misma ... Ahora podemos imaginar el tama&ntilde;o y el tipo de asentamientos en los que viv&iacute;a la gente, qu&eacute; tipo de plan urbano hab&iacute;a, qu&eacute; tipo de recipientes usaban en la vida cotidiana, qu&eacute; tipo de enemigos ten&iacute;an y qu&eacute; tipo de armas usaban contra estos enemigos: todo lo relacionado con el aspecto material de la vida en el per&iacute;odo del Antiguo Testamento puede describirse mediante hallazgos arqueol&oacute;gicos de este per&iacute;odo en particular&rdquo;. Todos estos detalles arqueol&oacute;gicos nos ayudan en nuestra reconstrucci&oacute;n de este contexto original de la Biblia para que la verdad teol&oacute;gica que contiene no sea malinterpretada ni aplicada err&oacute;neamente. Las excavaciones monumentales en Egipto, Mesopotamia e Israel han revelado gran parte de la forma y sustancia de estos imperios enterrados. Basado en pinturas de tumbas egipcias y relieves en sus templos, sabemos c&oacute;mo podr&iacute;an haber sido los patriarcas b&iacute;blicos, as&iacute; como muchos de los ej&eacute;rcitos extranjeros que atacaron Egipto y el antiguo Israel a lo largo de su historia. Incluso tenemos en algunos casos \"instant&aacute;neas\" de piedra de personalidades b&iacute;blicas reales. Desde los altos acantilados de Behistun tenemos el retrato del monarca persa Dar&iacute;o el Grande, de un obelisco asirio, una imagen del rey de Judea, Jeh&uacute;, y de Israel, una imagen pintada de un rey Ezequ&iacute;as entronizado. Tales curiosidades arqueol&oacute;gicas han hecho posible las recreaciones maravillosamente precisas de estas civilizaciones antiguas en documentales de televisi&oacute;n y pel&iacute;culas.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Complementando al Testigo de la Biblia\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Los 66 libros de la Biblia fueron escritos en al menos cinco continentes durante m&aacute;s de 4.000 a&ntilde;os de historia por profetas, poetas y campesinos, as&iacute; como por pastores y estadistas. Si bien es un testigo vasto y diverso, las Escrituras solo mencionan a ciertas personas y registran eventos espec&iacute;ficos que fueron necesarios para su prop&oacute;sito teol&oacute;gico m&aacute;s amplio. Como consecuencia, gran parte del significado se excluye deliberadamente de que se puedan incluir verdades de mayor importancia. Sin embargo, tales eliminaciones necesarias hacen que algunos cuestionen la precisi&oacute;n hist&oacute;rica de los autores b&iacute;blicos. La arqueolog&iacute;a a trav&eacute;s de su revelaci&oacute;n del contexto y la cultura de las tierras y civilizaciones en las que se promulg&oacute; el drama b&iacute;blico, agrega un testigo complementario a medida que completa el bosquejo dibujado por los autores b&iacute;blicos verificando que los detalles que presentan son fieles a los hechos. Por ejemplo, aunque el rey israelita Omri que construy&oacute; Samaria y la convirti&oacute; en la capital del Reino del Norte, fue uno de los gobernantes m&aacute;s importantes de su tiempo (885-874 a. C.), el texto b&iacute;blico solo le da una referencia pasajera (1). Reyes 16: 21-28). Esto fue muy probablemente porque fue uno de los reyes israelitas m&aacute;s malvados y sus orgullosos logros no merecieron reconocimiento. La arqueolog&iacute;a complementa el aviso b&iacute;blico del rey Omri al proporcionar los antecedentes hist&oacute;ricos de sus haza&ntilde;as extrab&iacute;blicas de los registros recuperados de sus enemigos extranjeros. Revela que los autores b&iacute;blicos son correctos en su evaluaci&oacute;n de su car&aacute;cter y mando. Este testimonio complementario ha sido especialmente &uacute;til para comprender el tiempo de Jes&uacute;s y la correcci&oacute;n y el contexto de su comentario y amplios di&aacute;logos con las diversas sectas religiosas jud&iacute;as. El problema para los int&eacute;rpretes hasta los &uacute;ltimos tiempos era que, si bien los grupos como los fariseos y los saduceos eran bien conocidos por los Evangelios, no se sab&iacute;a que ning&uacute;n testigo contempor&aacute;neo hubiera sido preservado. Sin embargo, cuando se descubrieron y estudiaron los Rollos del Mar Muerto, se descubri&oacute; que estaban llenos de numerosas descripciones y relatos de estas sectas jud&iacute;as, con quienes la Comunidad que escondi&oacute; los rollos tambi&eacute;n tuvo controversia. Los estudiantes de los Evangelios ahora tienen la ventaja de leer comentarios complementarios sobre estos grupos desde antes del nacimiento de Cristo, pero empleando las declaraciones fuertes similares que recuerdan a Jes&uacute;s. Desde este punto de vista, la arqueolog&iacute;a tambi&eacute;n nos ha dado innumerables textos complementarios, como relatos de la Creaci&oacute;n y el Diluvio, que son paralelos a las historias de las Escrituras, lo que demuestra la confiabilidad de la Biblia. Estos no solo revelan el car&aacute;cter hist&oacute;rico de la Biblia, sino que enfatizan su singularidad en comparaci&oacute;n con otros documentos antiguos del Cercano Oriente. En este sentido, los descubrimientos de la literatura religiosa de los sumerios, egipcios, hititas, asirios, babilonios y cananeos han resaltado la originalidad y el car&aacute;cter teol&oacute;gico distintivo de la Biblia.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Arqueolog&iacute;a y Pascua\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cuando llegamos al mensaje de Pascua que cambia la vida, con su relato de la crucifixi&oacute;n y resurrecci&oacute;n de Jes&uacute;s, la arqueolog&iacute;a nuevamente confirma que a pesar de que los milagros est&aacute;n involucrados, se est&aacute;n representando en el &aacute;mbito de la historia real. Esto es importante para los cristianos por dos razones. Primero, nuestras historias de la temporada, predicadas con pasi&oacute;n en los servicios de Pascua y realizadas con boato en las producciones de Pascua, pueden connotar un aire de irrealidad. Como con cualquier verdad que se haya convertido en tradici&oacute;n, podemos perder el sentido de su entorno original en este mundo y sentir que pertenece a otro. Tal p&eacute;rdida de conexi&oacute;n con el contexto del cristianismo en el mundo real, y especialmente de los hechos definitorios de nuestra fe, pone en peligro nuestra pr&aacute;ctica del verdadero significado de la temporada, es decir, nuestra salvaci&oacute;n personal provista en la cruz y de la vida de resurrecci&oacute;n y la esperanza futura. de nuestra propia resurrecci&oacute;n corporal. La arqueolog&iacute;a transforma nuestras concepciones de franela de Jes&uacute;s en lino prensado caminando sobre alfombra de hierba y lo reemplaza con una figura real de un mundo real que exige una fe real. Como la arqueolog&iacute;a informa correctamente nuestra comprensi&oacute;n de los eventos de la Pascua, no disminuye el milagro del mensaje sino que aumenta nuestra fe en su cumplimiento hist&oacute;rico.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Una segunda preocupaci&oacute;n por la importancia de la arqueolog&iacute;a para la Pascua es la primera y se relaciona con el problema del concepto posmoderno actual del cristianismo como una experiencia que trasciende la historia. Esto es bien expresado por Marcus Borg, profesor de la Universidad Estatal de Oreg&oacute;n y presidente del Seminario de Jes&uacute;s: \"La verdad de la Pascua no depende de si realmente hubo una tumba vac&iacute;a ... Es porque Jes&uacute;s es conocido como una realidad viva que tomamos Pascua\" historias en serio, no al rev&eacute;s. Y tomarlos en serio no necesariamente significa tomarlos literalmente&rdquo;. Sin embargo, las excavaciones arqueol&oacute;gicas (ver recuadros) han dado suficiente evidencia de que hay todas las razones para tomar las historias de Pascua en serio y literalmente.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Tocando la tumba de Jes&uacute;s\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Los eventos m&aacute;s serios de la historia de Pascua se centran en el entierro y resurrecci&oacute;n de Jes&uacute;s. La arqueolog&iacute;a ha revelado muchas tumbas de Judea del primer siglo que corresponden en tipo a la descripci&oacute;n de los Evangelios de la tumba de Jes&uacute;s. Sin embargo, &iquest;es posible identificar la tumba real en Jerusal&eacute;n registrada en estas cuentas? Los turistas cristianos prefieren el sitio protestante conocido como \"la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n\" descubierto en 1883 por el oficial brit&aacute;nico Charles Gordon. Aqu&iacute;, en un entorno sereno fuera de los muros actuales de Jerusal&eacute;n, se encuentra una tumba erosionada situada junto a una colina de piedra caliza profundamente erosionada que Gordon identific&oacute; como \"Skull Hill\" (ahora conocido como \"Calvario de Gordon\"). Sin embargo, el examen arqueol&oacute;gico del sitio por los arque&oacute;logos de Jerusal&eacute;n Gabriel Barkay y Amos Kloner ha demostrado que la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n es parte de un sistema de tumbas tipo Edad de Hierro II en el &aacute;rea, todas que datan del per&iacute;odo del Primer Templo (siglos VIII-VII a. C.). La m&aacute;s prominente de estas tumbas se encuentra al lado de la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n en la propiedad de la Escuela Francesa de Arqueolog&iacute;a, la &Eacute;cole Biblique. Dado que el Nuevo Testamento dice que Jes&uacute;s fue enterrado en \"una nueva tumba, en la que a&uacute;n no se hab&iacute;a puesto a nadie\" (Juan 19:41), la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n, que ya lleva unos 800 a&ntilde;os en el tiempo de Jes&uacute;s, no puede cumplir con el Evangelio expl&iacute;cito criterios\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sin embargo, el sitio tradicional de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, que tiene una historia que se remonta al menos al siglo IV d. C., seg&uacute;n su descripci&oacute;n en fuentes bizantinas y la existencia de columnas que todav&iacute;a se usan hoy en d&iacute;a desde la iglesia de Constantino el Grande, tiene un importante apoyo arqueol&oacute;gico. Aunque hoy se encuentra dentro de los muros actuales de la Ciudad Vieja, y los Evangelios especifican que Jes&uacute;s fue crucificado \"fuera de los muros\" (Juan 19:20; Hebreos 13: 11-12), los muros modernos no siguen el curso antiguo. Esto se demostr&oacute; a fines de la d&eacute;cada de 1960 cuando la arque&oacute;loga brit&aacute;nica Kathleen Kenyon descubri&oacute; que el muro que ahora rodeaba la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro era un \"Segundo Muro\" construido despu&eacute;s de la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s (alrededor del a&ntilde;o 41 d. C.). Por lo tanto, cuando Jes&uacute;s fue crucificado, el sitio habr&iacute;a estado fuera del \"Primer Muro\" anterior.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Adem&aacute;s, en 1976 el arque&oacute;logo israel&iacute; Magen Broshi descubri&oacute; una porci&oacute;n del muro original de Herodes en la secci&oacute;n noreste de la iglesia. Esto revel&oacute; que el &aacute;rea sobre la cual se construy&oacute; la iglesia estaba justo afuera del muro occidental de la ciudad en la l&iacute;nea del Primer Muro. Adem&aacute;s, otros arque&oacute;logos han descubierto que hab&iacute;a una \"Puerta del Jard&iacute;n\" en este muro, un hecho que concuerda con la menci&oacute;n del Evangelio de un jard&iacute;n en esta &aacute;rea. El examen de las tumbas en las cercan&iacute;as de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro confirma que son del per&iacute;odo tard&iacute;o del Segundo Templo (siglo I d. C.), el mismo tiempo en que Jes&uacute;s habr&iacute;a vivido. El tipo de tumba tambi&eacute;n coincide con el tipo preciso de tumba en la que Jes&uacute;s fue puesto. En el primer siglo se usaban dos tipos de tumbas. Una era la tumba kokim m&aacute;s com&uacute;n que empleaba nichos largos y estrechos cortados en la c&aacute;mara de las paredes de la cueva de entierro en &aacute;ngulo recto. La otra tumba conocida como el arcosolio ten&iacute;a bancos poco profundos cortados paralelos a la pared de la c&aacute;mara con una parte superior en forma de arco sobre el receso. Este tipo de tumbas estaban reservadas para aquellos de riqueza y alto rango. Este parece ser el tipo de tumba en la que Jes&uacute;s fue puesto porque se dijo que la tumba de Jes&uacute;s era la tumba de un hombre rico (Mateo 27:57; cf. Isa&iacute;as 53: 9), los disc&iacute;pulos pod&iacute;an ver el cuerpo tal como estaba ( algo solo es posible con una tumba cortada en un banco), Juan 20: 5, 11, y los &aacute;ngeles fueron vistos sentados tanto en su cabeza como en sus pies (Juan 20:12). La \"Tumba de Jes&uacute;s\" en el sitio tradicional, aunque deformada por siglos de devotos peregrinos, est&aacute; claramente compuesta por una antec&aacute;mara y un arcosolio tallado en la roca.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>La Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro tambi&eacute;n encierra una porci&oacute;n de una colina que se cree que es el verdadero sitio del Calvario. Las excavaciones para exponer m&aacute;s de esta roca han revelado que era una porci&oacute;n rechazada de una cantera de piedra blanca pre-ex&iacute;lica, como lo demuestra la cer&aacute;mica de la Edad de Hierro II en el sitio. En este sentido, si este es el sitio real, se ha sugerido que la cita de Pedro del Salmo 118: 22: \"La piedra que los constructores rechazaron ...\" puede tener un doble significado (ver Hechos 4:11; 1 Pedro 2: 7). Para el siglo I a. C. Esta cantera rechazada hab&iacute;a hecho la transici&oacute;n de un basurero a un sitio de entierro. Tambi&eacute;n da evidencia de que estaba ubicado cerca de una v&iacute;a p&uacute;blica en la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s, otro factor que ayuda a calificarlo como el sitio aut&eacute;ntico ya que los Evangelios registran que aquellos que pasaron por el lugar donde estaba la cruz de Jes&uacute;s pudieron burlarse de &Eacute;l (ver Mateo 27:39). La naturaleza del sitio de la roca se ajusta tanto a los requisitos jud&iacute;os como a los romanos como un sitio de ejecuci&oacute;n y puede ser debido a su asociaci&oacute;n con un lugar de muerte que en tiempos de Jes&uacute;s fue llamado el \"lugar del cr&aacute;neo.\" Esta roca sobre la cual se construy&oacute; la Iglesia todav&iacute;a se puede ver en parte hoy en d&iacute;a a trav&eacute;s de una secci&oacute;n preservada para ver que muestra evidencia de actividad s&iacute;smica, un hecho que concuerda con la historia del Evangelio (Mateo 27:51).\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Las excavaciones realizadas a fines de la d&eacute;cada de 1970 en el sitio revelaron m&aacute;s evidencia de que este era el lugar donde se realiz&oacute; el drama original de Pascua. En las secciones inferiores de la Iglesia se descubrieron los cimientos del \"Foro\" del emperador romano Adriano, en el que su Templo de Afrodita se hab&iacute;a erigido alrededor del a&ntilde;o A.D.135. Adriano sigui&oacute; la costumbre romana en la construcci&oacute;n de templos y santuarios paganos para reemplazar las estructuras religiosas anteriores. Esto se hizo en el sitio del Templo Jud&iacute;o, ubicado no lejos de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, y el historiador de la iglesia del siglo IV y Obispo de Ces&aacute;rea Eusebio confirma que tambi&eacute;n se hizo en este caso: \"Adriano construy&oacute; una enorme plataforma rectangular sobre este cantera, ocultando la cueva sagrada debajo de este mont&iacute;culo masivo. \"Si la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro es el sitio real venerado por los cristianos como la tumba de Jes&uacute;s, explicar&iacute;a esta ubicaci&oacute;n para el edificio romano.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Pensamientos finales\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cuando los disc&iacute;pulos llegaron por primera vez a la tumba esa primera ma&ntilde;ana de Pascua, los Evangelios registran: \"el cuerpo de Jes&uacute;s que no encontraron\". De la misma manera, a trav&eacute;s de los siglos, los esc&eacute;pticos y cr&iacute;ticos tambi&eacute;n han llegado, ya sea literal o figurativamente, y el veredicto de la historia se ha mantenido igual que en la antig&uuml;edad: \"Su cuerpo no lo encontraron\". En el an&aacute;lisis final, la arqueolog&iacute;a puede llevarnos a la tumba, pero solo la fe, informada por los hechos, puede llevarnos a Cristo. Sin embargo, debido a que la arqueolog&iacute;a nos ha demostrado que los hechos que respaldan la fe son precisos, una tumba identificable que atestigua eventos literales, nuestra fe en el Cristo de la historia depende de una tumba hist&oacute;ricamente vac&iacute;a para su realidad. La arqueolog&iacute;a ha revelado las personas (Caif&aacute;s, Pilatos) y los eventos (crucifixi&oacute;n, sepultura) que componen la historia de la Pascua. La resurrecci&oacute;n se entrelaza con estos hechos para ordenar la misma consideraci&oacute;n. Y cuando se considera junto con los hechos hist&oacute;ricos, sociales y psicol&oacute;gicos del primer siglo que rodean la afirmaci&oacute;n de que Cristo surgi&oacute;, &iexcl;las piedras a&uacute;n gritan con respecto a Aquel que fue y es y ha de venir!\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Barra lateral # 1: Caif&aacute;s - Sin huesos de contenci&oacute;n\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Una de las figuras prominentes en la historia de Pascua es el sumo sacerdote jud&iacute;o Caif&aacute;s. Del 18 al 36 d. C. fue el l&iacute;der del Sandhedrin, el supremo abogado jud&iacute;o responsable de los asuntos legales en los d&iacute;as de Jes&uacute;s. Fue Caif&aacute;s quien profetiz&oacute; que Jes&uacute;s morir&iacute;a por la naci&oacute;n y puso en marcha el plan para matarlo (Juan 11: 49-53; 18:14). Y fue Caif&aacute;s quien presidi&oacute; el juicio nocturno en el que Jes&uacute;s se confes&oacute; ser el Mes&iacute;as y posteriormente fue condenado (Mateo 26: 57-68). Tambi&eacute;n fue en el patio de la casa de Caif&aacute;s donde Peter esper&oacute; noticias sobre Jes&uacute;s, pero en lugar de eso lo traicion&oacute; tres veces mientras el gallo cantaba (Mateo 26: 69-75). Hoy, gracias a la arqueolog&iacute;a, casi 2.000 despu&eacute;s de su muerte, Caiaphus ha reaparecido en Jerusal&eacute;n. Sus restos f&iacute;sicos fueron descubiertos accidentalmente en noviembre de 1990 por trabajadores de la construcci&oacute;n que estaban comenzando la construcci&oacute;n de un nuevo parque en el Bosque de la Paz de Jerusal&eacute;n, al sur del Monte del Templo. Mientras el equipo de trabajo estaba cavando, el suelo se derrumb&oacute; de repente dejando al descubierto una c&aacute;mara funeraria del primer siglo con 12 osarios de piedra caliza (cajas funerarias). Un osario exquisitamente adornado, decorado con rosetas incisas, obviamente pertenec&iacute;a a un patr&oacute;n rico o de alto rango que pod&iacute;a permitirse esa caja. En este cuadro, sin embargo, tambi&eacute;n hab&iacute;a una inscripci&oacute;n. Se lee en dos lugares: Qafa y Yehosef bar Qayafa (\"Caif&aacute;s\", \"Jos&eacute;, hijo de Caif&aacute;s\"). El Nuevo Testamento se refiere a &eacute;l solo como Caif&aacute;s, pero el historiador jud&iacute;o del primer siglo Flavio Josefo da su nombre completo como \"Jos&eacute;, llamado Caif&aacute;s del sumo sacerdocio\". Dentro estaban los huesos de seis personas diferentes, incluidas las de un hombre de 60 a&ntilde;os. En el momento del descubrimiento, Steven Feldman, editor asociado de la Revisi&oacute;n de Arqueolog&iacute;a B&iacute;blica, observ&oacute;: \"el hallazgo deber&iacute;a ser particularmente emocionante para algunos cristianos creyentes porque para ellos puede reforzar la precisi&oacute;n de la Biblia ...\" De hecho, lo hace.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Barra lateral # 2: Poncio Pilato: evidencia que exige un veredicto\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Durante la Pasi&oacute;n de la Pascua, tal vez ninguna persona sea m&aacute;s memorable que la atribulada figura de Poncio Pilato que pronunci&oacute; las palabras inmortales \"&iquest;Qu&eacute; es la verdad?\" Durante diez a&ntilde;os, entre el 26 y el 36 d. C., Pilato fue el oficial romano a cargo de Judea y, por lo tanto, estaba destinado a confrontar a Jes&uacute;s de Nazaret. Ese d&iacute;a lleg&oacute; cuando el Sumo Sacerdote Caif&aacute;s entreg&oacute; a Jes&uacute;s a la autoridad romana para juicio oficial y castigo. Pilato tiene la distinci&oacute;n de ser la &uacute;nica persona durante las pruebas de Jes&uacute;s con la que eligi&oacute; hablar. Se neg&oacute; a responder al rey de Judea, Herodes Antipas, y solo bajo juramento lo hizo por Caif&aacute;s. Solo a Pilato se le dio la muy buscada explicaci&oacute;n de las afirmaciones mesi&aacute;nicas de Jes&uacute;s, a saber, que era un Rey enviado de m&aacute;s all&aacute; de este mundo para traer la verdad al mundo (Juan 18: 36-37). Basado en su interrogatorio de Jes&uacute;s, Pilato encontr&oacute; evidencia insuficiente para un veredicto, y aparentemente habr&iacute;a liberado a Jes&uacute;s si no hubiera sido por la presi&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica ejercida por el Sandhedrin jud&iacute;o (Juan 19: 12-15). Quiz&aacute;s fue por esta raz&oacute;n que Pilato, desafiando la protesta del Sandhedrin, coloc&oacute; una pancarta (conocida como titulus) en exhibici&oacute;n p&uacute;blica sobre Jes&uacute;s en la cruz que dec&iacute;a en hebreo, lat&iacute;n y griego: \"Jes&uacute;s el Nazareno, el Rey de los jud&iacute;os \"(Juan 19: 19-22). Hoy, Pilato ha hablado nuevamente para traer evidencia a nuestra &eacute;poca que exige un veredicto hist&oacute;rico al relato del Evangelio. Desde la residencia oficial de Pilato en la ciudad costera mediterr&aacute;nea de Cesarea Mar&iacute;tima, en excavaciones en el teatro romano de Cesarea, apareci&oacute; una placa de piedra con el nombre de Pilato. La losa de dos pies por tres pies, ahora conocida como la inscripci&oacute;n de Pilato, se encontr&oacute; reutilizada como un bloque de construcci&oacute;n en un proyecto de remodelaci&oacute;n del siglo IV, pero era un aut&eacute;ntico monumento del primer siglo, aparentemente escrito para conmemorar la erecci&oacute;n y el montaje de Pilato. Dedicaci&oacute;n de un templo para el culto de Tiberio C&eacute;sar, el emperador romano durante el mandato de Pilato sobre Judea. La inscripci&oacute;n en lat&iacute;n de cuatro l&iacute;neas da su t&iacute;tulo de \"Poncio Pilato, Prefecto de Judea\", un t&iacute;tulo muy similar al que se usaba en los Evangelios (ver Lucas 3: 1). Esta evidencia arqueol&oacute;gica de Pilato testifica nuevamente la exactitud de los escritores del Evangelio. Su comprensi&oacute;n de dichos t&eacute;rminos oficiales indica que vivieron durante el tiempo de su uso y no uno o dos siglos despu&eacute;s, cuando dicho uso se habr&iacute;a olvidado.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Barra lateral # 3: un testigo de la crucifixi&oacute;n\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uno de los eventos centrales de la historia de Pascua es la muerte de Jes&uacute;s por crucifixi&oacute;n romana. Cuando Jes&uacute;s y los dos delincuentes fueron crucificados, fue la tarde del festival m&aacute;s grande del juda&iacute;smo y el s&aacute;bado. Por lo tanto, los gobernantes jud&iacute;os hab&iacute;an exigido una r&aacute;pida crucifixi&oacute;n para no profanar el pr&oacute;ximo d&iacute;a santo (Juan 19: 31-32). Tales detalles arqueol&oacute;gicos revelan que los escritores del Evangelio hab&iacute;an sido testigos hist&oacute;ricos de la crucifixi&oacute;n, tal como lo dijeron (Juan 19:35). Sin embargo, debido a que ninguna evidencia material de ninguna v&iacute;ctima crucificada hab&iacute;a sido descubierta en la tierra sagrada, los esc&eacute;pticos y eruditos descartaron los relatos de los Evangelios como imaginarios o inexactos. Argumentaron que las u&ntilde;as no podr&iacute;an haber sido utilizadas para sujetar a una v&iacute;ctima crucificada a una cruz, porque la anatom&iacute;a de las manos y los pies no pod&iacute;an soportarla. Estaban bastante atados por cuerdas. Esto contrajo directamente el propio testimonio de Jes&uacute;s cuando, despu&eacute;s de su resurrecci&oacute;n, mostr&oacute; su cuerpo crucificado a sus disc&iacute;pulos y dijo: \"Mira mis manos y mis pies ...\" (Lucas 24:39). De la misma manera, estos mismos cr&iacute;ticos sostuvieron que el cuerpo de Jes&uacute;s, como el cuerpo de la mayor&iacute;a de los criminales e insurreccionistas, no habr&iacute;a recibido un entierro adecuado, sino que habr&iacute;a sido arrojado a una tumba com&uacute;n reservada para los cad&aacute;veres de aquellos contaminados por la crucifixi&oacute;n. . Por lo tanto, la narraci&oacute;n sobre el entierro de Jes&uacute;s en la tumba de Jos&eacute; de Arimatea (Lucas 23: 51-56), de la cual resucit&oacute;, no era m&aacute;s que una historia ficticia. Sin embargo, la arqueolog&iacute;a ha producido un testimonio de lo contrario. En 1968, los restos de un hombre crucificado de Giv'at ha-Mivtar, un suburbio al norte de Jerusal&eacute;n, fueron descubiertos en un osario cerca de la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s. El nombre del hombre, de una inscripci&oacute;n aramea en el osario, era Yohanan ben Ha'galgol, y de un an&aacute;lisis de sus restos esquel&eacute;ticos ten&iacute;a unos treinta a&ntilde;os, aproximadamente la misma edad que Jes&uacute;s en el momento de su crucifixi&oacute;n. Su hueso del tobillo todav&iacute;a estaba perforado con un clavo de crucifixi&oacute;n de 7 pulgadas de largo y unido a un pedazo de madera de una cruz. Aparentemente, el clavo hab&iacute;a golpeado un nudo en el patibulum de madera de olivo (la secci&oacute;n vertical de una cruz) y estaba tan alojado que la v&iacute;ctima no pod&iacute;a ser removida sin retener tanto el clavo como un fragmento de la cruz. Adem&aacute;s, seg&uacute;n un analista antropol&oacute;gico, hab&iacute;a marcas de u&ntilde;as tambi&eacute;n en los huesos de la mu&ntilde;eca y de una tabla que se hab&iacute;a utilizado para sostener los pies. Este hallazgo revela de nuevo los horrores del castigo romano como se registra en los Evangelios. Indican que la posici&oacute;n que el cuerpo asumi&oacute; en la cruz fue con las piernas clavadas a cada lado de la estaca vertical. Por lo tanto, en lugar de que el cuerpo fuera recto, se empuj&oacute; hacia arriba y se retorci&oacute;, causando espasmos musculares terriblemente dolorosos y, finalmente, la muerte por el insoportable proceso de asfixia. El descubrimiento refuta la teor&iacute;a de que las v&iacute;ctimas crucificadas simplemente estaban atadas a la cruz. El hecho de que los huesos de Yohanan se encontraran en un entierro secundario dentro de una tumba tambi&eacute;n refuta la segunda hip&oacute;tesis, ya que esta v&iacute;ctima crucificada, como Jes&uacute;s, hab&iacute;a recibido un entierro jud&iacute;o adecuado.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp>","\n\nArchéologie et la Bible","\n\n아르카나와 성경",{"id":55,"title":56,"description":57,"featured":58,"transcript":59,"subtitle":60,"playerembed":61,"category_id":6,"slug":62,"answertype":63,"created_at":31,"updated_at":64,"thumbnail":65,"embed_thumbnail":66,"embed_icon":35,"title_es":67,"description_es":68,"playerembed_es":69,"transcript_es":16,"title_fr":70,"description_fr":71,"playerembed_fr":16,"transcript_fr":16,"title_ko":72,"description_ko":73,"playerembed_ko":16,"transcript_ko":16,"question_id":16,"category_slug":8,"category_name":-1},48,"Does Archaeology Support the Bible?","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit;\">Have you ever wondered what archaeological evidence exists for the Old and New Testament? In this video, the highly esteemed archaeology expert, Dr. Randall Price, will take you on a truly biblical adventure filled with rare artifacts, incredible stories, and memorable perspectives.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>\u003Cspan>You can learn more from Dr. Randall Price. He is the Founder and President of&nbsp;\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldofthebible.com\u002F\">World of the Bible Ministries\u003C\u002Fa>. He also is a Distinguished Research Professor and the Executive Director for the Center of Judaic Studies at&nbsp;\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.liberty.edu\u002F\">Liberty University\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>TrueLife.org would&nbsp;be more than happy to help introduce you to a pastor so you can experience the great blessing of being in a church family. Please use our \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.truelife.org\u002Flocations?__hstc=242335965.4ff3e2f31aa6911508a26fc3a7b6ef94.1617293825669.1622732053414.1623439851281.41&amp;__hssc=242335965.2.1623439851281&amp;__hsfp=2567889097\">Church Finder\u003C\u002Fa>&nbsp;to easily locate and&nbsp;email a pastor near you.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftruelife.org\u002Fanswers\u002Fhow-can-i-be-forgiven-and-go-to-heaven-video\">Click here if you are ready to be forgiven and go to Heaven!\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>",true,"\u003Cp>\u003Cb>Does Archaeology Support the Bible?\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A Study Guide\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Ci>“There is, I imagine, no body of literature in the world that has been exposed to the&nbsp;stringent analytical study that the four gospels have sustained for the past 200 years.&nbsp;This is not something to be regretted: it is something to be accepted with satisfaction. Scholars today who treat the gospels as credible historical documents do so in the full&nbsp;light of this analytical study, not by closing their minds to it.” -&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fi>\u003Ci>Craig Blomberg, The Historical Reliability of the Gospels\u003C\u002Fi>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ci>\u003C\u002Fi>\u003Cp>People love the Indiana Jones series because it is good fiction.&nbsp;People however wonder, when it comes to the Bible, if it also is fiction.&nbsp;Indiana Jones lived as an archaeologist and worked in the world that produced evidences of history. That same world produces for us the real history of the Bible because it puts the Bible back in its accurate historical context.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Answer:&nbsp;All of the things that were part of the original Christian message were things that were in fact fact.&nbsp;When we look at the real world, we understand that we have things in it that explain to us and clarify for us the world of the Bible.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Examples of Biblical Archaeological Findings include&nbsp;a jar from the first century A.D., the time of Jesus,&nbsp;a jar from the time of Joshua (e.g. the Late Bronze Period), bricks made by the Israelites in the land of Goshen, scarab seals, (e.g. those of Amenhotep II, Pharaoh of Egypt candidate), mud bricks from the Wall of Jericho, and ancient weapons used by the Canaanites (e.g. bronze sickle swords).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Not everything we have from historical record, or certainly from the Bible, has been discovered. Some say that absence of evidence&nbsp;is a problem. . . . In&nbsp;fact, the absence of evidence&nbsp;is not evidence of absence.&nbsp;In other words, just because archaeological evidence for a particular aspect of the Bible remains undiscovered does not mean that&nbsp;evidence does not exist, or&nbsp;that the Bible is false. It simply means the evidence has not been&nbsp;discovered, yet.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Evidence for&nbsp;Biblical Personages Once Thought Non-Existent:&nbsp;The Hittites - Remnants of their civilization were found in&nbsp;Boghazkoy, including 15,000 clay tablets.&nbsp;King David&nbsp;- a&nbsp;stone monument excavated at Tel Dan was found&nbsp;dedicated to the “King of Israel of the House of David.”\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Archaeology and the Old Testament:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Evidence for the Accuracy of the OT:&nbsp;The Qumran Scrolls&nbsp;-&nbsp;Near high limestone caves in a place called Qumran have&nbsp;come jars [in which] an ancient Jewish sect hid copies of scrolls.&nbsp;Every single book of the Old Testament, except for the Book of Esther, was found among these scrolls. These scrolls now take our&nbsp;knowledge back to 300 years before the birth of Jesus, some 1300 years before the oldest copy of the Bible previously.&nbsp;Now we know these books of the Bible, (the oldest that we have) comparing with our [modern-day] texts, are almost 95% accurate. The small percentage is simply differences in spelling. So we know that the scribes who wrote these books very carefully transmitted the Hebrew text down through the ages so that they were almost without error.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Evidence for OT Miracles:&nbsp;The Taylor Prism - Clay prism inscribed with Sennacharib’s invasion of Israel. In&nbsp;it Jerusalem is spared for no apparent reason. It gives credence to the Biblical account of the city’s salvation as recorded in Kings, Chronicles, and by&nbsp;the prophet Isaiah.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Archaeology and the New Testament:&nbsp;The central figure in the NT is Jesus. Although the archaeological record gives us back- ground concerning Jesus’ birth and His life. It is the last days of jesus days are the most signifi- cant, both archaeologically and spiritually.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Archaeological Evidence Corresponding with the NT Account of Jesus’ Last Days: (A) Israelite Supper Cups - Indiana Jones in his film&nbsp;\u003Ci>The Last Crusade\u003C\u002Fi>&nbsp;went searching&nbsp;for the last supper cup of Jesus called the Holy Grail. The archaeological record has given us that very type of cup.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Pontius&nbsp;Pilate Coins&nbsp;-&nbsp;Jesus’ trials were both Roman and Jewish. In the Roman trial of Jesus, a man named Pontius Pilate presided over that trial. From the archaeological record we have the very inscription that gives the name “Pontius Pilate” found at Caesarea. [We also have a] coin minted by Pontius Pilate and on the back is the Roman year 17, the very year historians believe Jesus was crucified.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>First Century Nail\u002FBone Remanant from a Crucifixion&nbsp;-&nbsp;Jesus own death on the cross was . . . remarkable. Historians tell us they never have found evidence of crucifixion and yet there were tens of thousands of people crucified. One of the reasons . . . is that those remains were used over and over&nbsp;again. But in Jerusalem they did come up with [evidence for] one crucified victim.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Temple Scroll&nbsp;-&nbsp;Longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. This scrolls mentions that based on a passage in&nbsp;Deuteronomy&nbsp;the sentence against a seditious act, an act of treason against the nation could only be enacted by “hanging on a tree.” Now the Jewish authorities believed that Jesus’ claim to be the “Son of God” . . . was an act that the Romans would consider “anarchy” . . . and would be something that would overthrow their nation . . . so they took Him to the Romans to enact that sentence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bar Kochba Period Coins&nbsp;-&nbsp;From [these] coins . . . we have a picture of the facade of . . . Herod’s temple.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Stone from Herod’s Temple&nbsp;-&nbsp;Stones thrown down by the Romans.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Remains of Jewish People Caught in the Conflict Over Herod’s Temple.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bottom Line:&nbsp;You’ve seen the witness of the archaeological record, and we know that not one of these archaeological discoveries has ever contradicted a Biblical fact. In fact, they have only complimented its witness. The archaeological record has shown us the Bible can be trusted. If the Bible is a reliable archaeological witness, then the message of the Bible can be trusted.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cb>Key Scriptures:\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cb>\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cp>1 John 1:1; Luke 19:40\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cb>Recommended Further Reading:\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cb>\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cp>The Case for the Resurrection of Christ, by&nbsp;Gary Habermas\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, by&nbsp;Gary Habermas\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Bible in Its World: The Bible and Archaeology Today, by&nbsp;Kenneth A. Kitchen\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals about the Truth of the Bible, by&nbsp;Randall Price\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","Have you ever wondered what archaeological evidence exists for the Old and New Testament? In this video, the highly esteemed archaeology expert, Dr. Randall Price, will take you on a truly biblical adventure filled with rare artifacts, incredible stories,","\u003Ciframe src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplayer.vimeo.com\u002Fvideo\u002F8670576?title=0&amp;byline=0&amp;portrait=0&amp;color=BF1E2E&amp;autoplay=1\" width=\"935\" height=\"526\" frameborder=\"0\" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>","does-archaeology-support-the-bible","video","2023-08-03T06:04:14.899Z","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1630173446193_Screen%20Shot%202021-08-28%20at%201.56.47%20PM.png","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1630173447298_Screen%20Shot%202021-08-28%20at%201.56.47%20PM.png","¿La arqueología apoya la Biblia?","\u003Cp>&iquest;Alguna vez te has preguntado qu&eacute; evidencia arqueol&oacute;gica existe para el Antiguo y el Nuevo Testamento? En este video, el reconocido experto en arqueolog&iacute;a, el Dr. Randall Price, lo llevar&aacute; a una aventura verdaderamente b&iacute;blica llena de artefactos raros, historias incre&iacute;bles,\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&iquest;Est&aacute;s listo para descubrir qu&eacute; es la verdadera vida? Si es as&iacute;, haga clic aqu&iacute;.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&iquest;Alguna vez te has preguntado qu&eacute; evidencia arqueol&oacute;gica existe para el Antiguo y el Nuevo Testamento? En este video, el muy estimado experto en arqueolog&iacute;a, el Dr. Randall Price, lo llevar&aacute; a una aventura verdaderamente b&iacute;blica llena de artefactos raros, historias incre&iacute;bles y perspectivas memorables.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Puede obtener m&aacute;s informaci&oacute;n del Dr. Randall Price. Es el fundador y presidente de los Ministerios del Mundo de la Biblia. Tambi&eacute;n es profesor de investigaci&oacute;n distinguido y director ejecutivo del Centro de Estudios Judaicos de la Universidad de Liberty.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>TrueLife.org estar&iacute;a m&aacute;s que feliz de ayudarlo a presentarle a un pastor para que pueda experimentar la gran bendici&oacute;n de estar en una familia de la iglesia. Utilice nuestro Buscador de iglesias para localizar y enviar por correo electr&oacute;nico f&aacute;cilmente a un pastor cerca de usted.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Ciframe src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplayer.vimeo.com\u002Fvideo\u002F464433117\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>","\n\nArchaeology est-elle compatible avec la Bible ?","\n\nAvez-vous déjà imaginé quelle preuve archéologique existe pour l'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament? Dans cette vidéo, le célèbre expert en archéologie, le Dr Randall Price, vous emmènera dans une aventure vraiment biblique remplie d'artefacts rares, d'histoires incroyables et de","\n\n바벨은 성경을 지지하는가?","\n\n오래된 성경과 신성경의 증거가 무엇인지 궁금해 하셨나요? 이 영상에서는 저명한 ",{"id":75,"title":76,"description":77,"featured":27,"transcript":28,"subtitle":28,"playerembed":28,"category_id":6,"slug":78,"answertype":30,"created_at":79,"updated_at":80,"thumbnail":81,"embed_thumbnail":34,"embed_icon":35,"title_es":82,"description_es":83,"playerembed_es":16,"transcript_es":16,"title_fr":84,"description_fr":85,"playerembed_fr":16,"transcript_fr":16,"title_ko":86,"description_ko":87,"playerembed_ko":16,"transcript_ko":16,"question_id":16,"category_slug":8,"category_name":-1},100,"The Evidence of Easter ","\u003Cp>All Christians are familiar with the events celebrated at Easter - the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. For most, these events have been communicated through seasonal sermons, illustrated storybooks, or dramatic recreations. It may, then, be a surprise to learn that the sites associated with this greatest story ever told still exists today. The science of archaeology has been the modern means of restoring much of the first-century world and enabling us to experience the reality of Easter in a way unavailable to Christians of the past. Archaeology confirms that the life-changing message of Easter, even though miraculous in nature, took place in the arena of actual history. This is significant for Christians for two reasons.\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; First, because even though the message of Easter may be preached with passion from our pulpits and performed with pageantry in our Easter productions, people may mistakenly feel these are merely church “traditions” rather than historical truth. As with any truth that has become tradition it can lose the sense of its original setting in this world and feel it belongs to some other. This loss of connection with the real world context of Christianity, which defines our faith as fact, imperils our practice of the real significance of the season - our personal salvation provided at the cross and of resurrection life and the future hope of our own bodily resurrection. Archaeology has the ability to replace our unreal portraits of Jesus with a real figure from a real world that demands real faith. As archaeology uncovers the material remains of the Easter context, it does not diminish the miracle of the message but increases our faith in its historical fulfillment.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A second concern for archaeology’s importance to Easter grows out the first and relates to the problem of the present postmodern concept of Christianity as an experience transcending history. The problem of postmodern thought is revealed in a statement by Marcus Borg, Oregon State University professor and Chairman of the Jesus Seminar: “The truth of Easter does not depend on whether there really was an empty tomb … It is because Jesus is known as a living reality that we take Easter stories seriously, not the other way around. And taking them seriously need not mean taking them literally.” To the contrary, however, archaeological excavations have given sufficient evidence that there is every reason to take the Easter stories both seriously and literally. Let us consider the two central events of the Easter accounts, the crucifixion and burial of Jesus.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With respect to the fact of crucifixion, the method of execution perfected by the Roman government to punish criminals, archaeology has vividly revealed its existence in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus. In 1968 the remains of a crucified man from Giv'at ha-Mivtar, a northern suburb of Jerusalem, was discovered in an ossuary from near the time of Jesus. The name of the man, from an Aramaic inscription on the ossuary, was Yohanan ben Ha'galgol, and from an analysis of his skeletal remains he was in his thirties, approximately the same age as Jesus at the time of His crucifixion. His ankle bone was still pierced with a 7 inch-long crucifixion nail and attached to a piece of wood from a cross. Apparently the nail had hit a knot in the olive wood patibulum (the upright section of a cross) and become so lodged that the victim could not be removed without retaining both the nail and a fragment of the cross. According to one anthropological analyst, there were also marks of nails on the wrist bones and of a board had been used to support the feet. This find reveals afresh the horrors of the Roman punishment as recorded in the Gospels. They indicate that the position the body assumed on the cross was with the legs nailed on either side of the upright stake. Therefore, rather than the body being straight, it was pushed up and twisted, causing terribly painful muscle spasms and eventually death by the excruciating process of asphyxiation. This discovery supports the biblical statement of nailing crucified victims, refuting a previous theory they were simply tied to the cross. In addition, the fact that the bones of Yohanan were found in secondary burial within a tomb also disproves an old hypothesis that state criminals were cast into a common grave, for this crucified victim, like Jesus, had received a proper Jewish burial in a family tomb.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The place of Jesus’ crucifixion and burial has also been brought to light through archaeology. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, located today in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, encloses a portion of a hill traditionally considered to be the true site of Calvary. Protestant Christian tourists most favor the Protestant site known as \"the Garden Tomb\" discovered in 1883 by the British officer Charles Gordon. Here in a serene setting outside the present -day walls of Jerusalem can be found a weathered tomb situated next to a deeply eroded limestone hill which Gordon identified as \"Skull Hill\" (now known as “Gordon’s Calvary”). However, archaeological examination of the site by Jerusalem archaeologists Gabriel Barkay and Amos Kloner have shown that the Garden Tomb is part of a system of Iron Age II type tombs in the area all dating from the First Temple period (8th-7th centuries B.C.). The most prominent of these tombs are located next door to the Garden Tomb on the property of the French School of Archaeology, the École Biblique. Since the New Testament says that Jesus was buried in \"a new tomb, in which no one had yet been laid\" (John 19:41), the Garden Tomb, already some 800 years in the time of Jesus, cannot meet the Gospel’s explicit criteria. However, the traditional site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre has a history going back at least to the fourth century A.D. based on its description in Byzantine sources and the existence of columns still in use today from the earlier church of Constantine the Great. Although today it is located within the present walls of the Old City, and the Gospels specify that Jesus was crucified \"outside the walls\" (John 19:20; Hebrews 13:11-12), the modern walls do not follow the ancient course. This was proven in the late 1960's when British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon discovered that the wall now enclosing the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was a \"Second Wall\" constructed after the time of Jesus (about A.D. 41). Therefore, when Jesus was crucified the site would have been outside the earlier \"First Wall.\" Furthermore, in 1976 Israeli archaeologist Magen Broshi uncovered a portion of the original Herodian wall in the northeast section of the church. This revealed that the area upon which the church is built was just outside the western wall of the city on the line of the First Wall. In addition, other archaeologists have discovered that a \"Garden Gate\" was on this wall, a fact which agrees with the Gospel’s mention of a garden in this area. Examination of the tombs in the vicinity of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre confirm that they are from the late Second Temple period (first century A.D.), the very time in which Jesus would have lived. The type of tomb also matches the precise type of tomb in which Jesus was laid.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Archaeological excavations to expose the rock enclosed by the Church have revealed that it was a rejected portion of a pre-exilic white stone quarry, as evidenced by Iron Age II pottery at the site. In this light, if this is the actual site it has been suggested that Peter's citation of Psalm 118:22: \"The stone which the builders rejected …\" may have a double meaning (see Acts 4:11; 1 Peter 2:7). By the first century B.C. this rejected quarry had made the transition from a refuse dump to a burial site. It also gives evidence that it was located near a public road in Jesus' time, another factor which helps to qualify it as the authentic site since the Gospels record that those passing by the place where Jesus’ cross was situated were able to mock Him (see Matthew 27:39).The nature of the rock site fits both the Jewish and Roman requirements as an execution site and it may be because of its association with a place of death that it was called in Jesus’ time the \"place of the skull.\" A portion of the rock can still be viewed today through a glass-covered section on the entrance level of the Church. This visible remnant of rock bears evidence of earthquake activity, a fact which accords with the Gospel story of an earthquake that accompanied the crucifixion (Matthew 27:51).\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With respect to the burial of Jesus, in the first century two types of tombs were in use. One was the more common kokim tomb which employed long narrow niches cut into the chamber of the burial cave\u003Cbr>walls at right angles. The other known as thearcosolia tomb had shallow benches cut parallel to the wall of the chamber with an arch-shaped top over the recess. These type of tombs were reserved for those of wealth and high rank. This seems to be the type of tomb in which Jesus was laid because Jesus tomb was said to be a wealthy man's tomb (Matthew 27:57; cf. Isaiah 53:9), the body could be seen by the disciples as laid out (something only possible with a bench cut tomb), John 20:5, 11, and the angels were seen sitting at both His head and feet (John 20:12). The “Tomb of Jesus” at the traditional site, though deformed by centuries of devoted pilgrims, is clearly composed of an antechamber and a rock-cut arcosolium.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Excavations conducted in the late 1970's in the area of the tomb has provided additional support for this being the place where the original Easter drama was performed. In the lower sections of the Church were discovered the foundations of the Roman emperor Hadrian's “Forumn,” in which his Temple of Aphrodite had been erected around A.D.135. Hadrian followed Roman custom in building pagan temples and shrines to supercede earlier religious structures. This was done at the site of the Jewish Temple, located not far from the Holy Sepulchre Church, and the fourth century church historian and Bishop of Caesarea Eseubius confirms that it was also done in this case: “Hadrian built a huge rectangular platform over this quarry, concealing the holy cave beneath this massive mound.\" If the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the actual site venerated by Christians as the tomb of Jesus, it would explain this location for the Roman building.\u003Cbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When the disciples first came to the tomb on that first Easter morning, the Gospels record: \"the body of Jesus they did not find.\" In the same manner down through the ages skeptics and critics have also come, whether literally or figuratively, and the verdict of history has remained the same as in ancient times - \"His body they did not find.\" In the final analysis, archaeology may bring us to the tomb, but only faith - informed by the facts - can bring us to Christ. Yet, because archaeology has shown us that the facts that support faith are accurate - an identifiable tomb attesting to literal events - our faith in the Christ of history does depend upon an historically empty tomb for its reality. Archaeology has revealed the persons (Caiaphas, Pilate) and events (crucifixion, entombment) which make up the story of Easter. The resurrection is interwoven with these facts so as to command the same consideration. And when considered along with the historical, social and emotional facts of the first Easter that surround the claim that Christ arose, archaeology adds yet another witness to Him Who has come and is coming again!\u003C\u002Fp>","the-evidence-of-easter","2019-12-19T17:52:13.324Z","2023-08-03T05:41:32.074Z","https:\u002F\u002Fs3.amazonaws.com\u002Ftruelife1\u002Ficons\u002F12\u002Fanswerthumbnails\u002Ffull.jpg","La evidencia de la Pascua","\u003Cp>Todos los cristianos est&aacute;n familiarizados con los eventos celebrados en Pascua: la crucifixi&oacute;n y resurrecci&oacute;n de Jesucristo. Para la mayor&iacute;a, estos eventos se han comunicado a trav&eacute;s de sermones de temporada, libros de cuentos ilustrados o recreaciones dram&aacute;ticas. Entonces, puede ser una sorpresa saber que los sitios asociados con esta gran historia jam&aacute;s contada todav&iacute;a existen hoy en d&iacute;a. La ciencia de la arqueolog&iacute;a ha sido el medio moderno de restaurar gran parte del mundo del primer siglo y permitirnos experimentar la realidad de la Pascua de una manera que no est&aacute; disponible para los cristianos del pasado. La arqueolog&iacute;a confirma que el mensaje de Pascua que cambi&oacute; la vida, aunque de naturaleza milagrosa, tuvo lugar en el &aacute;mbito de la historia real. Esto es significativo para los cristianos por dos razones.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Primero, porque a pesar de que el mensaje de Pascua puede ser predicado con pasi&oacute;n desde nuestros p&uacute;lpitos y realizado con boato en nuestras producciones de Pascua, la gente puede sentir err&oacute;neamente que estas son meramente \"tradiciones\" de la iglesia en lugar de la verdad hist&oacute;rica. Como con cualquier verdad que se haya convertido en tradici&oacute;n, puede perder el sentido de su entorno original en este mundo y sentir que pertenece a otro. Esta p&eacute;rdida de conexi&oacute;n con el contexto del cristianismo en el mundo real, que define nuestra fe como un hecho, pone en peligro nuestra pr&aacute;ctica del verdadero significado de la temporada: nuestra salvaci&oacute;n personal provista en la cruz y la vida de resurrecci&oacute;n y la esperanza futura de nuestra propia resurrecci&oacute;n corporal. . La arqueolog&iacute;a tiene la capacidad de reemplazar nuestros retratos irreales de Jes&uacute;s con una figura real de un mundo real que exige fe real. A medida que la arqueolog&iacute;a descubre los restos materiales del contexto de Pascua, no disminuye el milagro del mensaje sino que aumenta nuestra fe en su cumplimiento hist&oacute;rico.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Una segunda preocupaci&oacute;n por la importancia de la arqueolog&iacute;a para la Pascua es la primera y se relaciona con el problema del concepto posmoderno actual del cristianismo como una experiencia que trasciende la historia. El problema del pensamiento posmoderno se revela en una declaraci&oacute;n de Marcus Borg, profesor de la Universidad Estatal de Oreg&oacute;n y presidente del Seminario de Jes&uacute;s: \"La verdad de la Pascua no depende de si realmente hubo una tumba vac&iacute;a ... Es porque Jes&uacute;s es conocido como un realidad viviente de que tomamos en serio las historias de Pascua, no al rev&eacute;s. Y tomarlos en serio no necesariamente significa tomarlos literalmente &rdquo;. Por el contrario, sin embargo, las excavaciones arqueol&oacute;gicas han dado suficiente evidencia de que hay todas las razones para tomar las historias de Pascua tanto en serio como literalmente. Consideremos los dos eventos centrales de los relatos de Pascua, la crucifixi&oacute;n y el entierro de Jes&uacute;s.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Con respecto al hecho de la crucifixi&oacute;n, el m&eacute;todo de ejecuci&oacute;n perfeccionado por el gobierno romano para castigar a los criminales, la arqueolog&iacute;a ha revelado v&iacute;vidamente su existencia en Jerusal&eacute;n en la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s. En 1968, los restos de un hombre crucificado de Giv'at ha-Mivtar, un suburbio al norte de Jerusal&eacute;n, fueron descubiertos en un osario cerca de la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s. El nombre del hombre, de una inscripci&oacute;n aramea en el osario, era Yohanan ben Ha'galgol, y de un an&aacute;lisis de sus restos esquel&eacute;ticos ten&iacute;a unos treinta a&ntilde;os, aproximadamente la misma edad que Jes&uacute;s en el momento de su crucifixi&oacute;n. Su hueso del tobillo todav&iacute;a estaba perforado con un clavo de crucifixi&oacute;n de 7 pulgadas de largo y unido a un pedazo de madera de una cruz. Aparentemente, el clavo hab&iacute;a golpeado un nudo en el patibulum de madera de olivo (la secci&oacute;n vertical de una cruz) y estaba tan alojado que la v&iacute;ctima no pod&iacute;a ser removida sin retener tanto el clavo como un fragmento de la cruz. Seg&uacute;n un analista antropol&oacute;gico, tambi&eacute;n hab&iacute;a marcas de u&ntilde;as en los huesos de las mu&ntilde;ecas y de una tabla que se hab&iacute;a utilizado para sostener los pies. Este hallazgo revela de nuevo los horrores del castigo romano como se registra en los Evangelios. Indican que la posici&oacute;n que el cuerpo asumi&oacute; en la cruz fue con las piernas clavadas a cada lado de la estaca vertical. Por lo tanto, en lugar de que el cuerpo fuera recto, se empuj&oacute; hacia arriba y se retorci&oacute;, causando espasmos musculares terriblemente dolorosos y, finalmente, la muerte por el insoportable proceso de asfixia. Este descubrimiento respalda la declaraci&oacute;n b&iacute;blica de clavar a las v&iacute;ctimas crucificadas, refutando una teor&iacute;a previa de que simplemente estaban atados a la cruz. Adem&aacute;s, el hecho de que los huesos de Yohanan se encontraron en un entierro secundario dentro de una tumba tambi&eacute;n refuta una vieja hip&oacute;tesis de que los criminales estatales fueron arrojados a una tumba com&uacute;n, ya que esta v&iacute;ctima crucificada, como Jes&uacute;s, hab&iacute;a recibido un entierro jud&iacute;o adecuado en una familia. tumba.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>El lugar de la crucifixi&oacute;n y entierro de Jes&uacute;s tambi&eacute;n ha sido revelado a trav&eacute;s de la arqueolog&iacute;a. La Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, ubicada hoy en el Barrio Cristiano de la Ciudad Vieja de Jerusal&eacute;n, encierra una porci&oacute;n de una colina considerada tradicionalmente como el verdadero sitio del Calvario. Los turistas cristianos protestantes prefieren el sitio protestante conocido como \"la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n\" descubierto en 1883 por el oficial brit&aacute;nico Charles Gordon. Aqu&iacute;, en un entorno sereno fuera de los muros actuales de Jerusal&eacute;n, se encuentra una tumba erosionada situada junto a una colina de piedra caliza profundamente erosionada que Gordon identific&oacute; como \"Skull Hill\" (ahora conocido como \"Calvario de Gordon\"). Sin embargo, el examen arqueol&oacute;gico del sitio por los arque&oacute;logos de Jerusal&eacute;n Gabriel Barkay y Amos Kloner ha demostrado que la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n es parte de un sistema de tumbas tipo Edad de Hierro II en el &aacute;rea, todas que datan del per&iacute;odo del Primer Templo (siglos VIII-VII a. C.). La m&aacute;s prominente de estas tumbas se encuentra al lado de la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n en la propiedad de la Escuela Francesa de Arqueolog&iacute;a, la &Eacute;cole Biblique. Dado que el Nuevo Testamento dice que Jes&uacute;s fue enterrado en \"una nueva tumba, en la que a&uacute;n no se hab&iacute;a puesto a nadie\" (Juan 19:41), la Tumba del Jard&iacute;n, que ya lleva unos 800 a&ntilde;os en el tiempo de Jes&uacute;s, no puede cumplir con el Evangelio expl&iacute;cito criterios Sin embargo, el sitio tradicional de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro tiene una historia que se remonta al menos al siglo IV d. C., basada en su descripci&oacute;n en fuentes bizantinas y en la existencia de columnas que todav&iacute;a se usan en la actualidad de la iglesia anterior de Constantino el Grande. Aunque hoy se encuentra dentro de los muros actuales de la Ciudad Vieja, y los Evangelios especifican que Jes&uacute;s fue crucificado \"fuera de los muros\" (Juan 19:20; Hebreos 13: 11-12), los muros modernos no siguen el curso antiguo . Esto se demostr&oacute; a fines de la d&eacute;cada de 1960 cuando la arque&oacute;loga brit&aacute;nica Kathleen Kenyon descubri&oacute; que el muro que ahora rodeaba la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro era un \"Segundo Muro\" construido despu&eacute;s de la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s (alrededor del a&ntilde;o 41 d. C.). Por lo tanto, cuando Jes&uacute;s fue crucificado, el sitio habr&iacute;a estado fuera del \"Primer Muro\" anterior. Adem&aacute;s, en 1976 el arque&oacute;logo israel&iacute; Magen Broshi descubri&oacute; una porci&oacute;n del muro original de Herodes en la secci&oacute;n noreste de la iglesia. Esto revel&oacute; que el &aacute;rea sobre la cual se construy&oacute; la iglesia estaba justo afuera del muro occidental de la ciudad en la l&iacute;nea del Primer Muro. Adem&aacute;s, otros arque&oacute;logos han descubierto que hab&iacute;a una \"Puerta del Jard&iacute;n\" en este muro, un hecho que concuerda con la menci&oacute;n del Evangelio de un jard&iacute;n en esta &aacute;rea. El examen de las tumbas en las cercan&iacute;as de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro confirma que son del per&iacute;odo tard&iacute;o del Segundo Templo (siglo I d. C.), el mismo tiempo en que Jes&uacute;s habr&iacute;a vivido. El tipo de tumba tambi&eacute;n coincide con el tipo preciso de tumba en la que Jes&uacute;s fue puesto.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Las excavaciones arqueol&oacute;gicas para exponer la roca encerrada por la Iglesia han revelado que se trataba de una porci&oacute;n rechazada de una cantera de piedra blanca pre-ex&iacute;lica, como lo demuestra la cer&aacute;mica de la Edad de Hierro II en el sitio. En este sentido, si este es el sitio real, se ha sugerido que la cita de Pedro del Salmo 118: 22: \"La piedra que los constructores rechazaron ...\" puede tener un doble significado (ver Hechos 4:11; 1 Pedro 2: 7) . Para el siglo I a. C. Esta cantera rechazada hab&iacute;a hecho la transici&oacute;n de un basurero a un sitio de entierro. Tambi&eacute;n da evidencia de que estaba ubicado cerca de una v&iacute;a p&uacute;blica en la &eacute;poca de Jes&uacute;s, otro factor que ayuda a calificarlo como el sitio aut&eacute;ntico ya que los Evangelios registran que aquellos que pasaron por el lugar donde estaba la cruz de Jes&uacute;s pudieron burlarse de &Eacute;l (ver Mateo 27:39). La naturaleza del sitio de la roca se ajusta tanto a los requisitos jud&iacute;os como a los romanos como un sitio de ejecuci&oacute;n y puede ser debido a su asociaci&oacute;n con un lugar de muerte que en tiempos de Jes&uacute;s fue llamado el \"lugar del cr&aacute;neo.\" Una parte de la roca todav&iacute;a se puede ver hoy a trav&eacute;s de una secci&oacute;n cubierta de vidrio en el nivel de entrada de la Iglesia. Este remanente visible de roca muestra evidencia de actividad s&iacute;smica, un hecho que concuerda con la historia del Evangelio de un terremoto que acompa&ntilde;&oacute; a la crucifixi&oacute;n (Mateo 27:51).\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>Con respecto al entierro de Jes&uacute;s, en el primer siglo se usaban dos tipos de tumbas. Una era la tumba kokim m&aacute;s com&uacute;n que empleaba nichos largos y estrechos cortados en la c&aacute;mara de la cueva funeraria\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>paredes en &aacute;ngulo recto. La otra tumba conocida como thearcosolia ten&iacute;a bancos poco profundos cortados paralelos a la pared de la c&aacute;mara con una parte superior en forma de arco sobre el receso. Este tipo de tumbas estaban reservadas para aquellos de riqueza y alto rango. Este parece ser el tipo de tumba en la que Jes&uacute;s fue puesto porque se dijo que la tumba de Jes&uacute;s era la tumba de un hombre rico (Mateo 27:57; cf. Isa&iacute;as 53: 9), los disc&iacute;pulos pod&iacute;an ver el cuerpo tal como estaba ( algo solo es posible con una tumba cortada en un banco), Juan 20: 5, 11, y los &aacute;ngeles fueron vistos sentados tanto en su cabeza como en sus pies (Juan 20:12). La \"Tumba de Jes&uacute;s\" en el sitio tradicional, aunque deformada por siglos de devotos peregrinos, est&aacute; claramente compuesta por una antec&aacute;mara y un arcosolio tallado en la roca.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Las excavaciones realizadas a fines de la d&eacute;cada de 1970 en el &aacute;rea de la tumba han brindado apoyo adicional para que este sea el lugar donde se realiz&oacute; el drama original de Pascua. En las secciones inferiores de la Iglesia se descubrieron los cimientos del \"Forumn\" del emperador romano Adriano, en el que su Templo de Afrodita se hab&iacute;a erigido alrededor del a&ntilde;o A.D.135. Adriano sigui&oacute; la costumbre romana en la construcci&oacute;n de templos y santuarios paganos para reemplazar las estructuras religiosas anteriores. Esto se hizo en el sitio del Templo Jud&iacute;o, ubicado no lejos de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro, y el historiador de la iglesia del siglo IV y Obispo de Cesarea Eseubio confirma que tambi&eacute;n se hizo en este caso: \"Adriano construy&oacute; una enorme plataforma rectangular sobre este cantera, ocultando la cueva sagrada debajo de este mont&iacute;culo masivo. \"Si la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro es el sitio real venerado por los cristianos como la tumba de Jes&uacute;s, explicar&iacute;a esta ubicaci&oacute;n para el edificio romano.\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp> \u003Cp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cuando los disc&iacute;pulos llegaron por primera vez a la tumba esa primera ma&ntilde;ana de Pascua, los Evangelios registran: \"el cuerpo de Jes&uacute;s que no encontraron\". De la misma manera, a trav&eacute;s de los siglos, los esc&eacute;pticos y cr&iacute;ticos tambi&eacute;n han llegado, ya sea literal o figurativamente, y el veredicto de la historia se ha mantenido igual que en la antig&uuml;edad: \"Su cuerpo no lo encontraron\". En el an&aacute;lisis final, la arqueolog&iacute;a puede llevarnos a la tumba, pero solo la fe, informada por los hechos, puede llevarnos a Cristo. Sin embargo, debido a que la arqueolog&iacute;a nos ha demostrado que los hechos que respaldan la fe son precisos, una tumba identificable que atestigua eventos literales, nuestra fe en el Cristo de la historia depende de una tumba hist&oacute;ricamente vac&iacute;a para su realidad. La arqueolog&iacute;a ha revelado las personas (Caif&aacute;s, Pilatos) y los eventos (crucifixi&oacute;n, sepultura) que componen la historia de la Pascua. La resurrecci&oacute;n se entrelaza con estos hechos para ordenar la misma consideraci&oacute;n. Y cuando se considera junto con los hechos hist&oacute;ricos, sociales y emocionales de la primera Pascua que rodean la afirmaci&oacute;n de que Cristo resucit&oacute;, &iexcl;la arqueolog&iacute;a agrega otro testigo m&aacute;s a Aquel que ha venido y volver&aacute;!\u003C\u002Fp>","\n\nLa preuve de Pâques","\n\nTous les chrétiens sont familiers avec les événements célébrés à Pâques - la crucifixion et la résurrection de Jésus-Christ. Pour la plupart, ces événements ont été communiqués par des sermons saisonniers, des livres illustrés ou des reconstitutions dramatiques. Il peut donc être sur","\n\n예수의 부활의 증거","\n\n예수 그리스도의 십자가와 부활을 축하하는 이벤트를 알고 있는 모든 기독교들은",{"id":89,"title":90,"description":91,"featured":27,"transcript":16,"subtitle":16,"playerembed":92,"category_id":6,"slug":93,"answertype":63,"created_at":94,"updated_at":95,"thumbnail":96,"embed_thumbnail":97,"embed_icon":98,"title_es":99,"description_es":100,"playerembed_es":16,"transcript_es":16,"title_fr":101,"description_fr":102,"playerembed_fr":16,"transcript_fr":16,"title_ko":103,"description_ko":104,"playerembed_ko":16,"transcript_ko":16,"question_id":16,"category_slug":8,"category_name":-1},212,"Sulfur Balls of Sodom and Gomorrah","\u003Cspan style=\"color: rgb(15, 15, 15); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\">The Bible describes burning sulfur and fire raining down from the sky which permanently destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24). Is there any evidence still left in the geological record that matches the Bible’s description of what happened to Sodom and Gomorrah? \n\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"color: rgb(15, 15, 15); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\">\u003Cbr>\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fdiv>","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fembed\u002FjQl4KaRtef8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003C\u002Fiframe>","sulfur-balls-of-sodom-and-gomorrah-video","2023-05-21T19:19:24.052Z","2026-03-08T03:22:17.713Z","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1684696761404_Screen%20Shot%202023-05-21%20at%203.11.30%20PM.png","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1684696763160_Screen%20Shot%202023-05-21%20at%203.11.30%20PM.png","https:\u002F\u002Ftruelifeorg.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fresources\u002F1684696762649_Archaeology.png","Bolas de azufre de Sodoma y Gomorra","\n\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"color: rgb(15, 15, 15); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\">La Biblia describe el azufre quemándose y el fuego lloviendo desde el cielo que destruyó permanentemente","\n\nBoules de soufre de Sodome et Gomorrhe","\n\u003Cdiv>\u003Cspan style=\"color: rgb(15, 15, 15); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\">La Bible décrit le soufre en train de brûler et le feu tombant du ciel qui a détruit de manière permanente les vill","\n\n소돔과 고모라의 유황구슬","\n\u003Cspan style=\"color: rgb(15, 15, 15); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\">성경에서는 소담과 고모라의",[]]